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1、Abstract,Abstract TypeAbstract StructureSuggestion for Writing Abstract,Descriptive Abstract Only basic content of the paper,not enough detail informationInformative AbstractA condensed report of the paper.Key points and most important detail information of the paper.Descriptive+Informative Abstract
2、Most abstracts are both descriptive and informative.,Abstract Type,Descriptive AbstractPros:Short,Concise,Easy to writeCons:Less informationInformative AbstractPros:More informationCons:Long,Difficult to writeDescriptive+Informative AbstractNotice the balance between concision and details.,Paper ori
3、ented abstractFocus on paperResearch oriented abstractFocus on research,1.Background2.Problem3.Objective4.Method5.Finding or Results6.Conclusion or Inference(Evaluation)7.Recommendation8.Paper structure,Abstract Structure,1.Background:Not necessary,especially in short abstract.Present tense in most
4、case.Present perfect tense for research trend.E.g.has been the universal choice to analyze,2.Problem:General problemSpecific problemPresent tense in most case.,3.Objective:Purpose,aim,objective(1)Paper oriented(present tense)When analyze some problem,propose new demonstration,method or technology.E.
5、g.The paper presents/proposes a The purpose of the paper is In this paper,we provide/discuss/focus on words:paper,report,thesis,dissertation,(2)Research oriented(past tense)When propose results of experiments or investigations.E.g.The objective of this research/experiment was to The aim of this stud
6、y was In this study,was studied/examined/investigated toWords:study,research,investigation,experiment,4.MethodPast tense for experiment procedure or method.Present tense for mathematic model,algorithm or analysis method/technology.,Problem+Objective in a long sentencesMain clause for problem,phrases
7、 for objective.E.g.(problems)must be solved to get(objective)Main clause for objective,phrases for problems.E.g.The paper presents/proposes a(objective)to solve(problems)(objective)was studied to solve(problems)Verb tense fits in with the above rules.,Objective+Method in a long sentencesMain clause
8、for objective,phrases for methods.E.g.(objective)is evaluated by means of(methods)Main clause for methods,phrases for objective.E.g.(methods)were performed to(objective)(methods)is adopted to(objective)Verb tense fits in with the above rules.,5.Finding or ResultsData,phenomenaPast tense in most case
9、s.E.g.The properties of hot water dried products were very sensitive to process temperature.The plants thermal efficiency was increased from 17.6%to 21.3%.Present tense when the results are very common phenomena,not for particular cases.,6.Conclusion or InferencePresent tense in most cases.Words:In
10、conclusion,in generalSuggest,showmay,should,couldE.g.The results suggest that may effect.Present tense for literature review paper.E.g.This paper reviews,Special Abstract(Expert)Focus on the description of result of the research.Omit the description of research objective,method/theory,experiment.Pro
11、vide paper structure.(sometimes),1.Appropriate lengthShort and concise.About 1/5 of paper length.(just suggestion)One paragraph.(maybe two or three)No abbreviation.Avoid very difficult term.,Suggestion for Writing Abstract,2.No same sentences as those in paper.Change the sentence structure when expr
12、essing same idea.,3.Avoid specific data.Describe research work with descriptive sentences.If necessary,provide some key data.,4.Write abstract after finishing main content.Read the main content;Find key sentences and key points;Organize them in a concise way without repeated sentences in the main content of the paper.,5.Be careful for writing abstract of called paper.Write before main content.Keep the consistency with main content.Forecast research result properly and impersonally.Avoid describing uncertain result.,
