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1、The main form of bill of lading fraudCounterfeit bill of lading Letter of credit required by the bill of lading is the main document, in the credit business, as long as the documents meet the requirements of the letter of credit, bank or vouchers for payment, not the source of the examination of doc
2、uments and their authenticity. Some unscrupulous traders that use letters of credit transaction documents, strictly consistent with the characteristics of forged bills of lading, to fraudulently purchase price, may not ship the goods, or shoddy, deceived customers. 1, empty one. One is recorded with
3、 the cargo space is extremely inconsistent or simply not on board bill of lading issued by the carrier and its agent or master bill of lading issued by a fake. This bill of lading may be completely innocent of the consignee or holder is used to perform the next sale of goods. In Germany, most schola
4、rs believe that the circulation of bills of lading instead of goods, the carrier issuing the bill of lading, therefore, it should be secured to take their records with the same goods, so the recognition of the effectiveness of air alone. Anglo-American countries because of its well-developed shippin
5、g industry in international shipping, the carrier often play a role, and therefore responsibility of the carrier to adopt legislation to reduce the idea to facilitate the aviation industry. Common Law that the bill of lading for the cargo carrier or the master to accept the shipment and will be prim
6、a facie evidence, available facts. So, in fact did not receive the goods carrier issuing the bill of lading, the carrier is not defined by the bill of lading above absolute constraints, can give considerable evidence to overturn its responsibilities. Even if the bill of lading holder in good faith w
7、as not at fault too. Some scholars believe that the seller is not intentionally falsified the case of delivery constitutes a fraudulent bill of lading, bills of lading is invalid, the infringement of fraud, this bill of lading documents simply becomes a tool for fraud, unauthorized use of its name f
8、rom the bill of lading of the carrier bound . Such as collusion between the carrier and the seller for the seller to provide the necessary conditions to obtain an empty one, then the infringement constitutes a common, jointly and severally liable. 2, the volume difference. Although the difference is
9、 the volume of goods shipped, but the actual number of shipping records the number of differences with the bill of lading. At common law, the bill of lading that the carrier is not to be recorded against the quantity of goods is not correct. However, the bill of lading is the number of its records o
10、n board the preliminary evidence and the burden of proof is clearly require the carrier to prove that fact is not recorded in the number of shipment, which calls for very satisfied with the evidence, and that the goods during transport may be of any great Mobile is not enough. Bill of lading by the
11、carrier only to add weight unknown clause to protect themselves. Volume difference between the bill of lading, Stone said that effective. But the fact is not recorded on the bill of lading of goods shipped, the seller should the buyer bear responsibility for non-delivery of the carrier or the consig
12、nee should also be responsible for the bill of lading holder. Backdating and renew and bespeak a bill of lading On board bill of lading should be issued after the goods loaded on board all of, the date of issue must be real, because the date of issuance of bill of lading is taken as the date of ship
13、ment. If the bill of lading issued after the shipment, date of issue foreseen the actual shipment date, will constitute dated B / L; if not all goods or goods shipped by the shipping carrier to take over the case has not yet started issuing the bill of lading, it renew and bespeak a bill of lading f
14、orm. Dated B / L or renew and bespeak a bill of lading, shippers goal is to make the provisions of the bill of lading date of issuance of letter of credit consistent with the smooth settlement, but it constitutes a conspiracy against the consignee of fraud, the consignee may suffer great losses, whi
15、ch , national laws and shipping regulations are not allowed. To guarantee in exchange for clean bills of lading In international trade, often this occurs: the surface of the carrier wants to position the issue of dirty bad shipment bill of lading, because banks do not accept dirty bill of lading, th
16、e shipper can not harbor has enabled the settlement, which is often a bond to the carrier so that the carrier issuing clean bills of lading, and to ensure compensation for issuing clean bills of lading and carrier losses, in exchange for clean bills of lading, a smooth settlement. Shows that a bond
17、is required for international trade, in a sense the shipper and the carrier can be certain of the convenience and benefits, but the fact is lurking on the carrier in terms of great risk, if Clean bill of lading to the consignee, the carrier holding the claim, the carrier must Peifu consignee. Delive
18、ry of goods without bill of lading Bill of Lading is a document of title, the goods to the port of destination, the carrier is obliged to deliver the goods to the original bill of lading holder. However, in actual business, sometimes occur before the goods arrive at the situation in the transport do
19、cument, the original bill of lading as the consignee do not, not timely delivery of the goods sold or selling, will have ballast cost of goods, quality changes, market price fluctuations and a series of problem. When this situation is customary manner by way of security delivery address, shipping co
20、mpanies from the consignee to provide a writing countersigned by the bank guarantee, in the absence of property rights required under the certificate after the first pick up pay the bill of lading, but if the carrier delivers the goods to non-original bill of lading holder may cause errors on the bi
21、ll of lading holder of delivery constitutes infringement. The process of delivery of goods without bill of lading, delivery of the goods is a contract of sale the buyer may not, may be claimed by such means, delivery people are not always easy to identify, but also ship stolen goods may, therefore,
22、no risk of delivery of goods is a big .提单欺诈的主要表现形式伪造提单提单是信用证所要求的主要单据，在信用证业务中，只要单据符合信用证的要求，银行即凭单付款，而不审查单据的来源及其真实性。一些不法商人即利用信用证“单据交易、严格相符”的特点伪造提单，以骗取货款，可能货物根本没有装船，或以次充好，蒙骗客户。 1、空单。空单就是记载与货物极为不符，甚至根本未装船而签发的提单，承运人及其代理人或船长签发的伪造提单的一种。这种提单可能被完全无辜的收货人或其他持有人用来履行下一个货物买卖。 在德国，大部分学者认为，提单代替货物以为流通，因此承运人在签发提单后，应担保
23、其记载与所取的货物一致，所以承认空单的效力。英美国家由于其航运业的发达，在国际航运上，常常扮演承运人角色，因此在承运人责任的立法上采行减轻的主张，以利其航业。英美法系认为提单为承运人或船长接受货物且将之装船的表面证据，可用事实推翻。所以，实际上承运人未收受货物而发行提单，承运人并不受提单上文义绝对性约束，举出相当证据即可推翻其责任。即使提单持有人是善意并无过失也是如此。有学者认为，卖方故意在没有交货的情况下伪造提单已构成欺诈，提单无效，其欺诈行为构成侵权，这种提单纯粹成了单据欺诈的工具，其名称被盗用的承运人不受提单约束。如承运人与卖方串通，为卖方取得空单提供必要条件，则构成共同侵权，承担连带责
24、任。 2、货量差异。货量差异就是货物虽然装船，但实际装船数量与提单记载数量存在差异。在普通法上，承运人并不被禁止证明提单记载的货物数量不正确。但是，提单是其记载数量已装船的初步证据，而且举证责任显然要求承运人证明记载数量实未装船，这就要求“非常满意的证据”，而证明货物在运输期间的任何极大可能移动都是不够的。承运人只有通过在提单中加入“重量不知”条款才能保护自己。提单货量差异，通说认为有效。就提单记载但实未装船的货物，卖方应对买方负未交付责任，承运人也要对收货人或提单持有人负责。 倒签和预借提单已装船提单应在货物全部装上船后签发，签发的日期必须是真实的，因为提单的签发日期即视作装运日期。如果提单
25、在货物装船后签发，签发日期却早于实际装船日期，便构成倒签提单；如果货物尚未全部装船或货物已由承运人接管尚未开始装船的情况下签发了提单，便构成预借提单。倒签提单或预借提单，托运人的目的都是为了使提单签发日期符合信用证规定，顺利结汇，但对收货人来说则构成合谋欺诈，可能使收货人蒙受重大损失，对此，各国法律和海运规则都是不允许的。 以保函换取清洁提单在国际贸易中，经常会出现这种情况：承运人欲对表面状况不良的装运货物签发不清洁提单，由于银行不接受不清洁提单，托运人不能凭此结汇，因而往往向承运人出具保函，让承运人签发清洁提单，并保证赔偿承运人因签发清洁提单而遭受的损失，以此来换取清洁提单，顺利结汇。 可见
26、，出具保函是出于国际贸易的需要，从某种意义上讲托运人和承运人都能得到一定的方便和好处，但实际上对承运人来讲却潜伏着很大的风险，一旦收货人持清洁提单向承运人索赔，承运人必须赔付收货人。 无提单放货海运提单是物权凭证，货物运到目的港后，承运人有义务将货物交给正本提单持有人。然而在实际业务中，有时会发生货物先于运输单据到达的情况，由于收货人手头没有正本提单，无法及时提货转卖或销售，会产生货物压仓费用、品质变化、市场价格波动等一系列问题。碰到这种情况，习惯上都是通过担保提货的方式予以解决，即由收货人向船公司提供一份经银行会签的书面保函，要求在没有物权凭证的情况下先提货日后补交提单，但如果承运人将货物交给非正本提单持有人，有可能造成错误交货构成对提单持有人的侵权。在无提单放货过程中，提取货物的不一定是买卖合同的买方，有可能被冒领，提货人往往不易查明，也有船方偷货的可能，因此无提单交货风险是很大的。
