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1、The Status and Tendency of Chinese Foreign Trade EnterprisesNowadays less than 100 enterprises have passed the attestation of SA8000 in our country. Among them, Guangdong province is the most “Check the factory” of the transnational corporation is to check the suppliers which did not carry on the at
2、testation of SA8000 according to the examination specific standards of SA80000 or social accountability standards regulated by the multinational company similar to the SA8000At present, the biggest pressure in our country is labor-intensive consumable goods manufactory, such as the clothing factory,
3、 toy factory，the athletics products factory and the shoe factory, etc. At the same time，this trend just quickly expand from the whole consumer goods to the whole manufacturing industry， such as consumable electronics product manufacturing industry, the furniture industry and food industry. A lot of
4、multinational companies declare they will accept the standards of SA8000They encourage the supplier and the contract factories to apply for the SA8000 attestationSome companies even request the schedule when the contract factory will meet the SA8000 standards 1 The influence of the SA8000 upon China
5、s enterprises The many employment problems in Labor-intensive enterprises have lowered their management cost. If they improve the employment situation with the aim to obtain the attestation of SA8000 or meet the related standards, it will immediately cause the management cost to increase and weaken
6、the product competence in international market. Specifically speaking, what directly cause the increase of operation costs are the specifications from SA8000 about the working environment，working hour and compensations, and what indirectly cause the increase are those regulations which benefit emplo
7、yees such as the laboring conditions, employees rights and administrative meansIn addition, the attestation of SA8000 is also a heavy burden to many Chinas enterprises. The whole process to obtain such an attestation generally takes 1 year and the certificate is valid only in 3 years , with rechecki
8、ng every 6 months，which generally costs between RMB300,000-500,000 yuan. 2 The Adjustment of Enterprise Management Strategies Before probing into how some enterprises should face the challenges from SA8000 in order to survive and further develop, it is a must to take another variable into accountthe
9、 present situation and tendency of home labor marketFrom the very beginning of2004, 1aborers have fallen short in Zhujiang delta, which is called “shortage of peasant Laborers”. Today, the problem becomes more serious instead. In 2006, some relevant persons in Guangdong province claimed that there w
10、ere one million job vacancies in Guangdong provinceThis phenomenon also appears in some other developed areas such as Changjiang delta，Zhejiang province，Fujlan province and so on, which made nearly eighty percent of enterprises short of laborers there. The phenomenon is the outcome of various reason
11、s. Firstly, in recent yearsChina has attached most importance to “sannong” issue (the government policy to help the rapid development in the countryside)With various policies to benefit and support agriculture efficiently carried out, the income in rural area is constantly increasing，and the farmers
12、 are not willing to work in cities any more. Secondly, along with the continuous prosperity of Chinese economy，more and more factories，architecture building sites and service industries competitively invite applications for jobs. And more people prefer seeking jobs near their hometownsThirdly，the pr
13、incipal peasant laborers are presently at the age between 18 and 35The vital statistics of population shows that the number of laborers at this age is cutting downIn addition, since 1999，China has been enlarging the quota of college students year after year, which delays some of them to labor market
14、s. Moreover, the increasing graduates from colleges are not urgently needed in employment markets nowadaysAll these reasons above are united to lead to the “shortage of peasant laborers” The highly labor-concentrated enterprises are now in dilemma, between the external pressure from SA8000, and inte
15、rior pressure from the shortage of laborersHow do the enterprises deal with the situation? All these suggest a key period adjust operation strategies and reshape the development mode. To survive，enterprises must adapt to the constant change of external environment. If the external environment has ch
16、anged and the operation remains as it is，the former mode, however successful, will prevent it from developing or lead it to failureHow to adapt to the standards of social responsibility put forward by MUC (multinational company).Then? How to attract and retain necessary employees? The only way left
17、is improving working conditions. But the main issue for us to deal with is how to compensate the increasing cost which is used to improve working conditions，to possess a certain or even larger space to get profit? To achieve that，an enterprise should at least adjust itself in the following three asp
18、ects 21 Improving the internal value chain, enhancing the internal management efficiency According to Bauds theory about value chain, the value activities of enterprises involve two types：the basic and the assistantThe basic one，according to their sequence of arts and crafts, is divided into five pa
19、rts：internal logistics；process of production；external logistics；market sale；And service. The assistant one supporting and ensuring the achievement of the basic includes four partsThe basic establishment of enterprises；the management of labor resource；exploitation of technology；and stock. Each of the
20、 nine activities can be further divided and combined, each of them is the headspring to create value, and each enhancement in efficiency of them can bring about profit Enterprises can analyze their own various activities according to the value chain to find the way to improve. A worthy reference is
21、the management mode of Good Baby GroupWal-Mart，one of Chinese suppliers，the manufacturer of baby carrier. This company obtains the order and the profit through the value activities like improving its stock, production, delivery and so on Four years ago, in order to open the American market for one-o
22、ff baby carrier, Wal-Mart decided to sell a baby carrier at 9.99 in the market, and predicted that the purchase would reach up to 1,200,000. The price of a carrier was cut down to 6.4 at last in order to gain the average profit as before. According to the cost of one “Good Baby” carrier at that time
23、，it cost a bit more than 8，which means that if they sell one at 6.4 dollars, for one they will lose nearly 2. In order not to lose Wal-Marts other low-price markets in the world, Good Baby Group finally decided to sign the contract, and followed it with an immediate search for a production mode to s
24、ave the cost. Since one-off baby carrier has not changed too much in design and color, Good Baby Group made more than 100 thousand carriers in time by purchasing materials in large batch and speeding up production. After that，it made constant improvement and speed up so much that it can make one wit
25、hin 15 seconds instead of several minutes in the past. Meanwhile，the techniques of folding crafts has also been improved, the number of carriers explores constantly the method to speed up the production and reduce the cost，through which the cost of one carrier was brought down from 8 to a little mor
26、e than 5. At the same time, Wal-Mart has been very successful in exploiting the market and they not only ordered 1,200,000 carriers at full price, but also sent another order for more than 200,000 carriers. Just With this one single operation, the Good Baby Group has brought averagely its rate of pr
27、ofit up to more than ten percent 22 Training employee The scientific value activities can bring the enterprise much profit and to improve the participants techniques is another approach to make profit. Nowadays，the technical workers，especially those highlevel ones, fall short of demand everywhere al
28、l over the countryThe statistics of spot check on the technical workers in 40 cities by the Labor and Social Security Ministry shows the technicians and high technicians are only less than 4of the whole technical workers，and the enterprises demand more than 14of them, with a big gap betweenThe highl
29、y labor-concentrated enterprises generally attach great importance on use of laborers but not on their trainingThey even never train their employees at a11Besides，rapid changing employees also cause the great shortage of fledged workers and highly skillful technical workers in enterprises Chinese ce
30、ntral government and local governments have taken measures to promote the training of technical intellectualsThe enterprises should also cultivate the consciousness of training and retaining talented employees. They can draw a long time plan of labor development, establish the system for employees t
31、o take further education and training，take measures to implement the apprenticeship system, and also take advantage of the high technical schools, technical colleges and high vocational colleges as the bases for training employeesAs long as an enterprise realizes the importance of training employees
32、，it can discover a variety of training modes The improved work efficiency of employees can naturally offer possibilities to improve their working and living conditions and to raise their income 23 InnovatingAnd enhancing the additional value of products To improve the value chain and train employees
33、 is a strategy to improve internal operation and also the way to achieve efficiency within a short period of timeBut Chinas export products have extremely low additional value. The essential reason is that these products are only simply processed with no brand or only used as parts for other brands.
34、 Another reason is that our products have no core technology, and the patent must be purchasedThereforethe divided work in the value chain is in the dry tree; the ability to bargain is weak and the profit is extremely slenderIn a larger sense, innovation is the only way to raise its competitive posi
35、tion and get out of troubles Innovation should be carried out from three aspects: technology, products and brand. Technology innovation refers to the process in which innovative technologies are applied in the enterprise. It is generally achieved through innovating arts and crafts to make a qualitat
36、ive leap in the productivityProduct innovation involves five aspects such as time (e.g. the deadline of delivery) ，quality (in narrow sense), cost, service and environmental protection and so on, among which，quality has 8 dimensions：the function of the principal attribute, the assistant feature to s
37、upport the basic function，reliability, conformity, life-span，service，aesthetics and feeling qualityShaping the brand means to establish ones own brand，and it is the long hardworking process, but the important approach to achieve the initiative right in the markets and increase the additional value.3
38、 Conclusions To survive and develop further, enterprises must adjust its operation strategy: improving the interior value chain, enhancing the internal management efficiency，and innovating to increase the additional value of their products中国外贸企业在国际贸易中的地位及走向如今，全国范围内，通过SA8000认证的企业不上100家。其中，广东省最严重。“核查跨
39、国公司的工厂”意思是核查这样的供应商：他们不执行SA8000或其他与之类似的社会用人标准的相关准则。目前，国内企业面临的最大的压力就是劳动密集型消费品的制造厂，比如服装厂， 玩具厂， 体育用品厂，鞋厂等等。同时，这一趋势很快从整个消费品行业扩展到整个加工行业，比如电子消费品加工业，家具业，食品业。很多跨国公司宣称他们会接受SA8000标准。他们鼓励供应商和合同签约厂也接受SA8000的验证。有的公司甚至规定合同签约厂通过SA8000标准的日程安排。1 SA8000对中国企业的影响劳动密集型企业的诸多就业问题降低了管理成本。如果企业依照SA8000或相关标准来改善就业形势，企业的管理成本会立即增
40、加，产品在国际市场的竞争力也会减弱。具体而言，导致运作成本增加的直接因素是具体落实SA8000中的工作环境，工作日，工作报酬，而间接因素则是那些有利于员工的规定，如劳动条件，员工权利，管理手段。除此之外，SA8000的鉴定对很多中国企业而言是个沉重的负担。获得最终的验证，整个过程需要一年，证书的有效期仅3年，并且每半年需复检，每次复检要花费约人民币30到50万。2企业管理策略调整在探讨企业如何面对SA8000的挑战以求生存及更好的发展之前，很有必要考虑另一个变量-国内劳动力市场的现状及趋势。早在2004年初，被称为“农村劳动力缺乏”之地的珠江三角洲就开始出现了劳动力短缺。如今，问题反而变得更严
41、重。2006年，据广东省相关人士称，仅广东省就有100万的岗位空缺。这一现象在其他诸如长江三角洲，浙江省，福建省等发达地区也存在，这些地方近8成企业劳动力短缺。造成这一结果的原因有很多。首先，近年来，中国最重视三农问题（政府帮助农村地区快速发展的一项政策）。随着惠农政策的执行，农村收入不断提高，农民不再愿意到城市工作。第二，随着中国经济的持续繁荣，越来越多的工厂，建筑场地，以及服务行业都在竞相抢聘劳动力。并且，更多的人倾向于在家乡附近求职。第三，目前主要的农民劳动力年纪在18到35岁。人口统计数字显示，这一年龄群的劳动力数量正在逐年下降。另外，自1999年以来，中国对高校招生逐年扩招，这延缓了
42、高校毕业生加入劳动力市场。同时，逐年增加的大学毕业生并不都能满足现在招聘市场的需求。以上所有因素共同导致了“农民劳动力短缺”。高度劳动密集型产业现在既面临来自SA8000的外部压力，又有劳动力短缺的内在压力。企业该如何处理这种情况呢？调整运行策略，重塑发展模式已经势在必行。企业必须适应不断更新的外部环境，这样才能生存。如果运行策略不随着外部环境的改变而改变，无论以前的模式有多成功，企业的发展都会受到限制，甚至会导致失败。如何适应跨国企业提出的社会责任标准？如何吸引企业所需的人才?唯一的方式就是改善工作条件。但是我们面临的主要问题是如何在改善工作环境和获得更大的效益空间的同时抵消部分增加的成本。
43、要做到这一点，企业应该至少从以下三个方面调整自己。2.1 改善内在价值链，提高内部管理效率根据波特的价值链理论，企业的价值活动包括两种类型：基本型和辅助型。基本型根据其工艺的流程分为五个部分：企业物流；加工；社会物流；市场营销；服务。辅助型是支持和保证基本型的顺利进行，包括四个部分：企业基础设施；人才资源管理；技术的运用；库存。这九项经营活动的每一项又可以细分，组合，每一项都是创造价值的源头，每一项效率的提高都能带来利润。企业可以从价值链的角度分析其自身的各项活动以此找到合适的改善方针。好宝宝俱部-沃尔玛的管理模式很有借鉴意义。该公司生产婴儿车，是中国的供应商之一。该公司就是通过诸如改善库存，
44、生产，发货等价值活动来达到有序，获得利润的。四年前，为了在美国开辟一次性婴儿推车的市场，沃尔玛打算以每个9.99元的价格将婴儿车推向市场，并预言购买量会达到120万。为了赚到跟以前一样的平均利润，最后的单价降至6.4元。当时每个推车的成本是8元多一点点，这就意味着，如果以单价6.4卖出，每个会损失近2元。为了保住沃尔玛其他低价产品的全球市场，好宝宝俱乐部最终决定签约，紧接着就立刻研究节约成本的生产模式。由于一次性的婴儿推车在设计和颜色上一直保持不变，好宝宝俱乐部能够大宗购买原材料，加快生产速度，每次能及时生产超过1万个手推车。此后，公司不断改进，不断加快速度，由原来的每分钟生产一个到每15秒之
45、内生产一个。同时，折叠工艺技术也得到了提高，不断寻求加速生产，降低成本的方法。由此，每个手推车的成本由8元将为5元多一点。与此同时，沃尔玛在开发市场上非常成功，他们不仅以全价签订了120万个订单，而且另外发出了20多万个手推车的订单。就是这一个操作活动，好宝宝俱乐部使其平均利润率提升10个百分点。2.2 培训员工科学的价值活动能给企业带来很多利润，提高员工技术是企业获利的另一途径。如今，全国范围内，技术工人，尤其是高端技术工人，都处于供不应求的状态。劳动社会保障部在40个城市对技术工人进行取样调查，数据表明，技术员和高端技术员仅占整个技术工人的4%不到，而企业的需求量超过14%，两者之间落差很
46、大。高度劳动密集型的企业大多重视使用员工，而不重视员工的培训。有的甚至从不培训员工。与此同时，员工的频繁变动也导致正式员工和技术娴熟的员工的巨大短缺。中国中央政府和当地政府已经采取了措施来推进技术人才的培训。企业也应该培养训练和留住人才的意识。他们可以制定员工发展的长期计划，建立对员工进行再教育和培训的体系，采取落实学徒制度的措施，同时也应充分利用高等技术学校，高等职业院校作为培训员工的基地。只要企业意识到培训员工的重要性，他们可以挖掘一系列培训模式。员工的素质提高自然能够改善他们的工作条件和生活条件，并且提高收入。2.3 创新。提高产品的附加值改善价值链和培训员工不仅改进了企业的内部操作，也
47、在短期内取得了效益。但是中国的出口产品的附加值极其小。核心原因就是这些产品仅仅只是加工，没有品牌，或者是其他品牌的一部分而已。另一个原因就是我们的产品没有核心技术，必须购买专利权。因此，价值链中的分红工作不好做，议价能力弱小，利益也微薄。从更大意义上讲，创新是提高企业竞争优势，摆脱困境的唯一渠道。应该从三个方面创新：技术，产品，品牌。技术创新是指把革新的技术应用到企业的过程。这主要是通过革新手工艺，使生产力有质的飞跃来实现的。产品创新包括五个方面，比如时间（即交货期），质量（狭义而言），成本，服务，环保等等。这其中，质量有八个维度：主要属性的功能，基本功能的辅助特性，可靠性，整合性，生命周期，服务，美感，视觉品质。形成品牌是指建立企业自己的品牌，这是个长期艰苦的过程，但也是使企业在市场上取得首创权，增加附加值的重要手段。3结语企业要想存活并进一步发展，必须调整运营策略，即：提高内在价值链，提高内在经营管理效率，以及为提高产品附加值的创新。
