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1、ContentsAbstract1Key words11. Introduction22. The formation Causes of Chinese Neologisms32.1 Neologisms from foreign languages3 2.2 Old Words with New Senses42.3 Neologisms from Chinese dialects53. Features of Chinese Neologisms53.1 Freshness in Time63.2 Freshness in Semantic Meaning63.3 transformat
2、ion from Abbreviations63.4 Culture Loaded64. Existing Problems in Translating Chinese Neologisms into English75. Strategies for Chinese Neologisms Translation115.1 Literal Translation115.2 Literal Translation with Adding or Interpreting125.3 Transliteration135.4Transliteration with adding or Interpr
3、eting145.5 Diversified Translation156. Conclusion15Bibliography:17 An analysis of the Chinese-English of Chinese NeologismsName: Xiao Xue No.: 20100201298English Major Foreign Languages DepartmentSupervisor: Huai Yang Title: Instructor Abstract: Language is a rather open system. With the development
4、 of social life and human development, language also plays an increasing key role in serving as a mirror of social changes. Chinese neologisms can be regarded as the most active and sensitive element. Ever since recent years,Chinese language has also witnessed great changes. Such changes mainly resu
5、lt in the increase of Chinese neologisms.Faced with the neologisms springing up,we should properly translating them or some of them into correct and idiomatic English.It becomes an issue of how to translate Chinese neologisms idiomatically and remain cultural flavor at the same time. To cope with th
6、e cultural aspects in translation of the heavily cultural-loaded neologisms, foreinization and domestication are the most important methods. And of the two methods, which to choose is another issue. This thesis attempts to seek for the most suitable methods to get the unique Chinese culture well-kno
7、wn by foreign friends.Key words: Chinese neologisms; translation strategies摘要：语言是一个相当开放的系统，随着社会生活和人类发展而不断变化。语言也是体现社会变化的一面镜子。中国特色词汇是最为活跃、最为敏感的元素。尤其是近年来，汉语也经历着巨大的变化。面对着如雨后春笋般大量涌现的汉语新词，我们应该将这些应运而生的新词翻译成准确并且地道的英语。那么怎么才能够把这些汉语新词翻译成地道的英语并且保留其文化韵味是一个问题。汉语新词的文化负载极为丰富，为了解决其翻译中与文化相关的方面，异化和归化是最为重要的翻译手段。而两者之间的如
8、何选择是本文所讨论的另外一个问题。 本文试图寻求汉语新词翻译的最合适方法让外国友人更好地了解独一无二的中国文化。 关键词:汉语新词；翻译策略；1. IntroductionLanguage is dynamic and active.As the most active element of language, vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Every day or even at any moment there are new words putting into use in languages while at t
9、he same time many others fading away from frequent use. With the development of information technology, network has become more and more popular .Internet has been regarded as a tool of communication and interaction. Therefore, it is sensitive to the social changes, and meanwhile the new things, con
10、cepts, and changes need to find their expressions in language, which leads to the appearance of network neologisms. The appearance of new inventions, new technologies, new concepts and new social phenomena will eventually lead to the emergence of neologisms. After entering into the new century, the
11、development of society has accelerated its pace and the communication between countries becomes more frequent than ever. In this era of information technology, the Internet has become an indispensable part of peoples life, and at the same time, it also produced a lot of colorful Chinese culture, esp
12、ecially the unique feature of network language and vocabulary, network vocabulary represents the life of contemporary young people ,and meantime, it directly reflects some social phenomena and the characteristics of the times.Therefore, as a translator, we should undertake the responsibility of tran
13、slating the new words properly into foreign languages in order to show the Chinese culture to other countries, but this task has turned out to be a great challenge. Although there is no lack of dictionaries which study Chinese neologisms and the translation of network neologisms, it is far from enou
14、gh or satisfactory. This thesis focuses on the translation strategies in order to contribute to the efficient translation of Chinese neologisms .2. The formation Causes of Chinese Neologisms There are three main ways of formation of Chinese neologisms. This is a common way in vocabulary enlargement
15、especially when the native language is unable to meet the demand of the new trends. 2.1 Neologisms from foreign languages Compared with English loanwords, Chinese borrowings have a relatively shorter history. Because Chinese is a language with a quite long history, it is giving out constantly its vi
16、gor and energy to foreign languages, while Chinese is ready to absorb nutrition from them. Due to the reform and opening-up policy, and the fast development of mass media and information exchanges, more and more new concepts and fresh ideas have been introduced into China from different countries. W
17、ith the advent of these fresh things and concepts, many loan words have become a part of Chinese. Since English act as the universal language in the world, it has been playing an important role in our life. Therefore, a majority of loan words in Chinese originate from English, and some are from Japa
18、nese and Korean, or other languages. Words such as 肯德基(KFC)、奶昔(milkshake)、因特网(Internet)、高尔夫(golf) are borrowed from English. Words such as 料理(cuisine)、写真(photo)、便当(bento)、寿司(sushi) come from Japanese; words as 大厨(chef), 香槟(Champagne) from French, 壁画(fresco), 走廊(corridor); and 歌剧 (opera) from Italian
19、,华尔兹(waltz),华氏(Fahrenheit) and 闪电战（blitz）from German; as well as 甲板(deck) and快艇 (yacht) from Dutch. 2.2 Old Words with New Senses Neologisms can also refer to the kind of words which add new senses to its original meaning. Usually the new senses of these words will draw more attention than their ori
20、ginal ones. The obtaining new meaning involves two aspects. One is the change of word meaning and the other is production of new meaning for the old ones. The changes of a words reference from a certain object are based on the similarities between the two things. When the word emerges for the first
21、time, it is merely used as the name of a given object, concept, phenomenon or act, so it only has one meaning. With the development of language, it gradually obtains new meanings and therefore becomes a polysemy. The development of word meaning from monosemy to polysemy generally follows two process
22、es. They are radiation and concatenation. An important process by which words enrich their meaning is radiation. The original meaning of this word is considered as the central meaning and the secondary meanings are derived from it from every direction like rays. When the monosemy becomes a polysemy
23、and its meaning is extended to cover a broader range. Each secondary meaning of the word is independent but all of them can be traced back to the original meaning. Take Chinese words “流产” “下海” “老化” as examples. When people refer to these words, they are probably not so sensitive to find that they ha
24、ve changed a lot from their original references. In the late 1980s, “下海”was often kept being talked about. But now it not only means the popular trend of professional artists take work not related to their professions, but also means someones starting to take up business. “老化” originally is a chemic
25、al term, which means the chemical change as the result of time passing by. Now it can be accepted as a description of the phenomena of becoming outdated. 2.3 Neologisms from Chinese dialects It is well acknowledged that there are a large number of dialects with certain characteristics in China. For
26、the sake of convenience of communication, the standard Chinese was established on the basis of Beijing dialect. What we use frequently and what we speak on formal occasions is Mandarin. But it is also common sense that dialects are treasure of Chinese national language as well as the Chinese culture
27、. Words and expressions from dialects inject fresh vigor and energy into Mandarin. Local dialects are among one of the causes of new word formation, especially the dialects in economic-developed areas and cultural centers. Usually, these areas play a vital role in social progress. For the convenienc
28、e of population flow and frequent communication between different areas, people are willing to learn from each other. As imitation becomes a trend, language is often the first to bear the brunt. Adoption from other dialects is one of primary ways to enrich Mandarin Chinese. The words of a certain di
29、alect may have been in its original language for many years, but they are newcomers to the standard language system in the country. The reform and open-up policy grants the southern part of China more opportunities to have contact with Hong Kong and Macao and thus Cantonese exerts strong influence o
30、n the language of inland areas. Many Cantonese words and expressions lay emphasis on commerce, entertainment, leisure, etc. Some of them come to be mixed up with mandarin and become very popular terms, such as “侃大山”(chew the fat), , “大腕” (big shot), “傍大款”(find a sugar daddy), “托儿”(sales persons deco
31、y). These phrases have appeared on newspapers and magazines, becoming common to social life gradually. Some instances in other dialects: Dialect in Northeastern regions: “草包”, “忽悠”, “奔头”, “小样”, Hebei dialect: “般配”, Sichuan dialect: “摆龙门阵”, and Shanghai dialect: “捣糨糊”, “毛毛雨”, “宰客”, etc.3. Features of
32、 Chinese Neologisms Through a close look at the Chinese neologisms, it is not difficult to make a generalization of their features. Four main features will be discussed in detail. 3.1 Freshness in Time Chinese neologisms possess many features, the first of which is freshness in time. When the neolog
33、isms were first to come into being, they took the fresh meanings, and conveyed the new information. Nevertheless, with the time passing by, this freshness will gradually be weakened or even disappeared. Neologism is a comparative concept. Soon after a neologism has been put into use, people will ada
34、pt to its use. The freshness of the neologism will exist for a period of time. The freshness of a neologism will fade after being used for a period of time, and no longer is it a neologism finally. For example, as the time passes by, these words can hardly be found “寻呼机” “大哥大” “上山下乡”. 3.2 Freshness
35、in Semantic Meaning People usually tend to regard those new words which newly come into being as neologisms. Seen from the semantic perspective, neologisms can also imply new meanings of established words. The spellings of the words remain the same, but their meanings are no longer what they used to
36、 be. For example, “红包”originally means red bag, but nowadays, it is used to refer a red envelope containing money as a gift or stand for secret bribe; the word “八卦” is the name of an eight-sided diagram derived from the famous Chinese classic “Yi Jing”(Book of Changes) at the beginning. It is now of
37、ten used to describe gossip or gossipy people. 3.3 transformation from Abbreviations The fast-pacing modern society requires conciseness and briefness of language to make it easier to use. The meanings of some neologisms are quite complicated and the full expressions are too long to bear in mind. As
38、 a result the abbreviations are coming into being frequently, which make the neologisms more readily read and easily memorized. For instance, “保修、包换、包赔” (three guarantees for repair, replacement or compensation for faulty products) is abbreviated into “s 三包”. By this way, when referring to it, we ca
39、n save much effort to replace the long phrase by two words. Whats more, “农转非” for “由农村户口转为城市户口”(to change rural residence registration to a city, town or other non-rural registration), “海归” for “海外归国留学生”(returned overseas students) and “严打” for “依法从严、从重、从快地打击各种刑事犯罪活动”(of police launching a crackdown
40、 on crimes) and so on. 3.4 Culture Loaded China boasts a long history of five thousand years as well as splendid civilization. During such a long period of time, Chinas special living environment, ways of life and thinking, featured religions and historical background have planted a unique character
41、istic in Chinese neologisms.Thats to say, they are heavily culture-loaded. Developed through the long history, the words and expressions reflect Chinas rich cultural heritage and embodied Chinese special lifestyle. For instance, at first “二进宫” means something related to Beijing opera, but now it con
42、veys the meaning of “people with a past criminal record committing a crime again, and is convicted and put into correctional institution”. Neologisms such as “二进宫” are rich in cultural connotation and mirror social and political culture of the current times. Chinese neologisms embrace the four main
43、characteristics above. It is just because of their unique characteristics that the Chinese neologisms are not easy to translate. Thus, we should adopt a scientific theory framework to guide the demanding translation task. In the following part, the author will employ functional equivalence as theory
44、 guidance to instruct the translation of neologism and discuss elaborately the theory in terms of its origin, development, and research status. 4. Existing Problems in Translating Chinese Neologisms into English Language is just like a mirror which reflects the nations politics, economy and culture
45、of a certain period of time. The remarkable achievements made in various fields by the society will certainly bring out more neologisms. Faced with the task of translating Chinese neologisms into English, translators are responsible for translating them into idiomatic English and at the same time ma
46、intaining the Chinese culture in order to get foreigners familiar with the current situation and development of China. Nevertheless, it is a major headache how to translate them correctly and idiomatically, for the two languages have their respective characteristics and represent the specific cultur
47、e of their own nations. This may explain why there are so many mistranslations or failures in translation. Accordingly, the author intends to make an analysis of the failures and mistranslations of Chinese neologisms, and there are five aspects listed as follows. Chinglish in translationIn the proce
48、ss of translating, quite a few Chinese English learners just attach great importance to the superficial meaning of the words and fail to take the different though patterns into consideration. As a result, Chinglish appears. During the process of translating Chinese neologisms, the problem of Chingli
49、sh remains very serious. The Chinese expression “吃皇粮” is better to be translated into “to have a stable job and fixed wages in the government office” rather than “to eat emperors rice”. “合同工” translate into “worker under contract employment system” is better than “contract labor”. Another example, if “豆腐渣工程” is translated literally into “b
