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1、毕 业 论 文题目：互联网讨论对于中国民主进程的影响一项基于数据分析和案例分析的研究系 别： 英语学院 新闻系_ 专 业： 国际新闻传播 姓 名： 攻 读 学 位： 导 师： 定稿日期 2009 年 5 月 10日AcknowledgementsI owe my thanks to all the following people for their sincere help and self-giving support during my research and composition of the paper.In the first place, I would like to gi
2、ve my greatest appreciation and highest respect to Professor Qiao Mu, my thesis advisor. I have to confess that my research would not have come to the end without his patient and insightful directions. Besides, I was also deeply moved by his frank suggestions and warm consolations. In the next place
3、, my thanks go to my friends. Li Jing was always caring about my health during my thesis composition, and kindly socked me from time to time. Guan Yanjuan was the one who was always there for my various questions on the composing techniques and the format. And I appreciate a lot the encouragement fr
4、om Shi Jing and Li Jia.Thirdly, I want to say thank you to my parents for their unfailing support both on materials and on spirit.Last but not least, I appreciate so much my boyfriends enduring support. He took up many of my responsibilities in extracurricular activities and on daily life. His love
5、has always been my ultimate motive to carry on in unfavorable conditions.Responsibility for any remaining errors is mine.Contents1.Introduction11.1Research background11.2Focus of the research22.Literature review32.1 Theories of the Information Society32.2Virtual politics42.3The public sphere62.4Theo
6、ries of the new media73.Methodolodgy. 84.Findings and analysis.94.1The current overall situation of Internet development in China94.2The rising Internet discussions and the unlocking of the Chinese public sphere114.2.1 Case Study 1: The “Lin Jiaxiang Event”.124.2.2 Case Study 2: Crisis public relati
7、ons Conducted by the Chinese Netizens134.2.3Behind the rapid development of the Internet consensus144.3The feasibility of the building of a real public sphere on the Internet in China154.3.1 The structural components of the Chinese Internet users.154.3.2 Who make up for the major participants of the
8、 Internet discussions?194.3.3 Do topics of the Internet discussions represent the real public opinions?.204.4Obstacles for the online discussions204.4.1 The government control and surveillance towards the Internet.214.4.2 Limitations of the Internet discussion itself.234.4.3 Low and unbalanced polar
9、ization of the Internet.245.Conclusion.25Works Cited . .28 Appendix 摘要互联网在中国的飞速发展不仅给中国人带来了生活方式和思维模式上革命性的变化，同时也给普通的中国人提供了一个信息通畅、氛围相对自由的媒介环境和表达渠道。随着互联网普及程度的不断攀升，越来越多的中国人开始参与到互联网讨论当中，去抒发自己对政治和社会问题的见解，并逐渐促成了一个初具规模的网络舆论场的形成。在2003年至2008年期间，互联网讨论的发展渐入高潮，产生了对于政府作为和社会事务的较强的监督作用。因此，在当前民主改革进程缓慢，民主状况不容乐观的中国，研究互
10、联网讨论对于中国民主进程和有效公共领域之形成的影响，就显得非常必要了。本文分析了2006年以后互联网和互联网社区发展的基本情况，网络讨论参与者的构成，以及2008年具有代表性的网络公共事件，来深入探讨中国的互联网讨论是否能够催生有效的公共领域，从而推进我国的民主改革进程。本文采用案例分析的方法对2008年的两个网络公共事件进行分析，来展示互联网讨论的积极作用。与此同时，采用数据分析的方法研究中国网民，以及网络讨论参与者的统计学肖像， 再把典型的网络讨论参与者与普通中国公民进行比对研究，从而探讨互联网讨论的参与人群和讨论话题对于真正的公共舆论是否具有代表性。最后，对于一系列法律条文的解读将揭示中
11、国互联网讨论在进化路上遇到的障碍。研究得出以下结论：目前互联网讨论还存在三点障碍因素：中国政府对于互联网以及网上言论进行严密监控、网络讨论自身存在代表性弱、讨论品质有待提高等问题、以及网络普及率较低。尽管存在以上问题，然而在政治自由相对有限的国家中，互联网上的讨论打破了信息传播被垄断的局面，促进了信息传播的民主化，催生了公民对政治和社会问题展开讨论的公共领域，加强了普通民众之间的联系和互助，从而使得更加广泛更加频繁的自发性动员成为可能。总之，互联网讨论尽管在现阶段面临诸多不足，真正意义上的网上公共领域的构建条件也不成熟，然则互联网讨论很好地补偿了普通中国民众在言论自由方面的不足，使得以往被堵塞
12、的民意找到了有效的出口，从而对政府和社会事务的监督力度也有所加强。其正面意义不容忽视。关键词：互联网讨论 公共领域 网络舆论 中国民主进程AbstractWith the rapid development of the Internet, Chinese peoples life style and way of thinking have been changing greatly. The Internet with unique characteristics provides the common Chinese with a well-informed channel for fr
13、ee expressions. This is what cannot be obtained in the traditional media. As the Internet polarizes in China, more and more people participate in the online discussions. They exchange ideas on political and social affairs in their concern, and the online consensus gradually comes into existence. Fro
14、m 2003 to 2008, the Internet discussions gradually reached the climax, constituting an effective surveillance over the government conducts and social affairs. Therefore, it seems quite necessary to research on the impact of the Internet discussions on Chinas democratic process and the building of a
15、rational-critical public sphere in our country, taking into consideration the depressing public sphere and laggard democratic reform of China.This study analyzes the basic statistics of the Internet and the Internet communities in China, finds out the structural components of the Internet discussion
16、 participants, and reviews two influential Internet events to reveal how the netizens keep an eye on government conducts and officials, in the attempt to show the possibility of building the online public sphere.Two case studies of two well-known online events are presented to convey the positive ef
17、fects the Internet discussions have created. At the same time, statistics and archive analysis will also be applied to articulate the structural components of the participants of the Internet discussions and portray the statistical image of typical Internet discussion participants. In addition, Comp
18、arisons are made between the online discussion participants and the common public on aspects of their structural components and different concerns, to find out whether or not the Internet discussions can represent the real public discussions outside the cyberspace. Finally, some regulations and meas
19、ures concerning the Internet are enumerated and analyzed to demonstrate the major obstacles or problems confronting the further development of the Internet discussions.My research finally concludes as follows. There still exist three unfavorable elements for the development of the Internet discussio
20、ns: severe restrictions set by the government to control the online speeches and discussions, deficiencies of the Internet discussions, and the low polarization of the Internet. Although in face of these problems, the Internet discussions break the states information monopoly, facilitate the democra
21、tization of the information diffusion. Whats more, it also helps to build up a public sphere for the commons to carry out active and pertinent discussions on political and social affairs, and as well enhance the mutual contacts and assistance. All in all, despite of all the deficiencies or of the In
22、ternet discussion or the unfavorable conditions confronting it, it serves as a significant complement to the lack of free speeches in the traditional media. The commons find a way to get their voice heard, thus their influence on the political and social affairs increases at the same tine. Therefore
23、, we can never overlook positive effects of the Internet discussionsKey words: the Internet discussions the public sphere the online consensus Chinas democratic processImpact of Internet Discussions on Chinas Democracy a Study Based on Archive Review and Case Studies1. Introduction1.1 Research Backg
24、roundWith the rapid development of the Internet, peoples life style and way of thinking all around the world have been changing greatly. The Internet, which has exposed the public to a broader range of information and enables them to create news information of their own, has been taken for the induc
25、ement of the tremendous revolution regarding the communication mode. Consequently, many scholars believe that the Internet provides a democratic potential for the postmodern public sphere, in which citizens can participate in well informed, non-hierarchical debates pertaining to their interests and
26、needs. Although oppugning voices arise on its real democratic effect, it is widely recognized in the world that the Internet is the only global medium in history (Carey 1998), characterized by its wider participations, easier access, better interconnectedness, and less regulations and restraints com
27、paring with the traditional media. As the democratic potential of the Internet has been attached greater and greater importance in the global academia, Chinese social scientists are also searching for ways and possibilities for the Internet to bring changes to the depressing public sphere and laggar
28、d democratic reform of China. In 1990, a nation-wide survey was conducted by Andrew J. Nathan and Shi Tianjian (Hu Yong 2008), famous experts on Chinese issues, concerning the political acts and attitudes of Chinese people. The survey demonstrated that most of the Chinese were devoid of perceptions
29、of the government control and the institutional restraints on their daily life. They also showed a rather low acceptance of people with a different political stand. This result indicated that the democratic reform in China might have problems to carry on. In the face of such a gloomy situation, soci
30、al scientists, home or abroad, have been pinning their hope on a positive and impelling force to push forward Chinas democratic progress and help establish a public sphere in China. And the Internet has enlightened their hope. As the Internet prevails in China, even common Chinese have seen their po
31、wer of influencing the decision of social and political affairs. On the part of the Chinese government, the Internet has become an important channel to know the public opinions.Therefore, Internet in China has always been taken for the symbol of the great changes that have been taking place in peopl
32、es political conducts and democratic expectations.1.2 Focus of the researchThis study attempts to analyze the impact of the Internet discussions on Chinas democracy via archive review and case studies, under the context of the global information society and Chinas regulated political environment.It
33、is known to all that the old media, including newspapers, radio, television etc., are under strict control of the government. Therefore, before the appearance of the Internet, peoples rights of free speeches entitled by the constitution were rather limited. Lack of efficient passage for the expressi
34、on of public opinions has resulted in the accumulation of rancor throughout the country. However, it seems that the Internet discussions have made the situation less severe. Then we may ask questions like:What particular impact do the Internet discussions have on the decision of public affairs? Who
35、participate in the Internet discussions? What are discussed on the Internet? To what extant can the Internet discussions represent the real public discussions outside the cyberspace? What obstacles confront us before turning the online communities into a real rational-critical public sphere? These q
36、uestions also constitute the focus my paper. To better discuss the questions, a set of statistics will be presented to gain a comprehensive knowledge on the Internet development. Statistics and archive analysis will also be applied to articulate the structural components of the participants of the I
37、nternet discussions. As for the particular impact and the topics of the online discussions, I will try to articulate my ideas mainly by two case studies on how the netizens keep an eye on government conducts and officials, as well as how they affect public decisions. The forth question is to be answ
38、ered by comparing the online discussion participants with the common public on aspects of their structural components and different concerns. Finally, I would like to enumerate major obstacles or problems confronting the further development of the Internet discussions.The cyberspace is flooded with
39、various kinds of new technologies, which has blurred the ambit of publicity and privateness, promoted the public discussions with unimaginable scales and influences, thus brought about a revolution to the traditional political communication. This paper, therefore, aims to open up a tip of the iceber
40、g of the dramatic and complicated revolutions evoked by the Internet. 2. Literature ReviewThe theme of this paper lies in the impact of the Internet on the public expression and discussion, or rather, whether it is possible to form a rational-critical public sphere on the Internet whilst all other m
41、edia and channels for expression in China are much more implosive. Therefore, theories of the information society, virtual politics, the public sphere, and theories of the new media are involved. 2.1 Theories of the Information SocietyThe popularization of computers and the continuously upgrading In
42、ternet technologies announced the arrival of the Information Age. The resultant tremendous transformations taking place in society arouse much academic interest. Daya Kishan Thussu, professor of International Communication of University of Westminister, describes the coming of the information societ
43、y as:“Spectacular innovations in information and communication technologies, especially the computing, and their rapid global expansion have led to claims that this is the age of the information society. The convergence of telecommunications and computing technologies and the continued reductions in
44、 the cost of computing and international telephony have made the case for the existence of the information society even stronger.” (Thussu 2000)Wikipedia defines the information society as the one “in which the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, integration and manipulation of information as a
45、significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The knowledge economy is its economic counterpart whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding. Specific to this kind of society is the central position information technology has for production, economy, and soc
46、iety at large. Information society is seen as the successor to industrial society.”The term “information society” has many closely related forms, the mostly well-known ones of which are the post-industrial society (Bell 1973), post-fordism, post-modern society, knowledge society, Telematic Society,
47、Information Revolution, network society, and the third wave (Alvin Toffler).Alvin Tofflers idea of the third wave is very influential throughout the world. He calls the idea of information society the third wave after the agricultural and industrial eras of human civilization. The third wave was characterized by the emergence of high technologies, the assault on the nation-state from above and bellow, the eclipsing of manufacturing and manufacturing goods by knowledge-p
