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1、直接引语和间接引语 引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢? 1、人称的转变 1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry.” He said that he was very sorry. 2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果
2、原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her son that she would check his homework that nig
3、ht. 4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 2、时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓
4、语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下： 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般过去时 过去完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 例如： “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school. Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” Tom said
5、 that they were listening to the pop music. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” He asked the conductor where he would get
6、 off to change to a No. 3 bus. “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. The teacher asked why she had refused to go there. Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. Tom said, “We were h
7、aving a football match this time yesterday.” Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before. He said，“I havent heard from my parents these days.” He said that he hadnt heard from his parents those days. 3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况 1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： He always says, “I am
8、tired out.” He always says that he is tired out. 2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如： He will say, “Ill try my best to help you.” He will say that he will try his best to help me. 3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： He said, “I went to college in 1994.” He told us that he went to college in 1994. 4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示
9、过去的时间时，如： He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school. 5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 6）当引语是
10、谚语、格言时，如： He said，“Practice makes perfect.” He said that practice makes perfect. 7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如： 例如： The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.” The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water. He said, “
11、She must be a teacher.” He said that she must be a teacher. He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.” He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then. The teacher said, “You neednt hand in your compositions today.” The teacher said we neednt/didnt need to/didnt have to hand i
12、n our compositions. She asked, “Must I take the medicine?” She asked if she had to take the medicine. 注：此处用had to代替must更好 8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。如： Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon. Student : What
13、 did the teacher say, Monitor? Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon. 4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化 1）时间状语： 直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语 now （then）； tomorrow （the next / following day ） today (that day）； next week （the next / following week / month / year） yesterday（the day before） two da
14、ys ago（ two days before ） last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year) 2）指示代词：these 变成those 3）地点状语：here变成there She said, “I wont come here any more.” She said that she wouldnt go there any more. 4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take 5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1）陈述句
15、。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如： He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.” He told us that he would give us
16、an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that） 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如： He said，“Im late because of the heavy traffic.” He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic. 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。 T
17、he doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.” The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。 He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
18、 He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?” He asked whether I was interested in English. 3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror. 如： He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” He asked me whether I spoke Englis
19、h or French. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” I asked him whether he would take bus or take train. 4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如： He asked，“Whats your name?” He asked（me）what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your c
20、ountry?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如： He said，“Be seated, please.” He asked us to be seated. “Do
21、be careful with your handwriting.” He said. He told me to be careful with my handwriting. “Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again. “Dont touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. The teacher warned the student
22、s not to touch anything in the lab without permission. 6）有些含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如： He said, “Lets have a rest.” He suggested our having a rest. He said, “Let me help you.” He offered to help me. 7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do
23、sth. 等形式转述。如： “Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. He asked me to open the door. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk. 8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如： She said, “What a lovely day it is!” She said what
24、a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day. 嵌套间接引语的从句： 如果间接引语当中还镶嵌有另一句从句，则被称为嵌套间接引语的从句，英文叫：the subordinate clause in indirect statement。这时，这样的从句要使用虚拟语气。从句动词的时态与主句动词的时态相关联。如： Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 统帅曾常说，那个逃跑的士兵将要受到惩罚。 qui fugisset逃跑 是一句关系从句，修饰militem “士兵”，
25、由于处在dicebat 说后面的间接引语当中，因此需使用虚拟语气。间接引语的动词是不定式 daturum esse将受到，为将来时，因为动作发生在主句动词“说”之后，而 fugisset 逃跑为虚拟语气的过去完成时，表示在统帅“说话”之前已经逃走了如何把直接引语变间接引语 “一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间
26、接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。 变时态： 直接
27、引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。 现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如： 1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen 2)She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so. 3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。 The e
28、arth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he
29、 met him in the street。 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（
30、例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there that day。 三、如何变状语： 直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改
31、为that),如： He said, These books are mine. He said those books were his.编辑本段如何变句型 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? He as
32、ked John if he could swim. You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me,
33、 When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如： Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to b
34、ring her a cup of tea. 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如： He said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film. 引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如： John said, Im going to London with my father. 约
35、翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语） John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语） 1. “I never eat meat.” he said.He said that _ never _ meat.2. “Ive found my wallet.” he said to me.He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet.3. “I took it home with me.” she said.She said that _ _ _ it home w
36、ith her.4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”The teacher said that the sun _ in the east and _ down in the west.5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.He _ me that he _ met the day _.6. “You must come here before five.” he said.He said that I _ to go _ before f
37、ive.7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.He said that he _ bought the house 10 years _.8. “Did you see her last week?” he said.He _ _ I had seen her the week _.9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”He _ Jim that he _ sit there10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”He asked her mother _ _
38、 _ found it.11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.He asked me _ _ _been _ days.12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.He asked _ _ knew where she _.13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.He _ the children _ _ making so much noise.14. “Dont tell him the news.” she said.She t
39、old me _ _ _ him the news.15. “Are you intested in this?” he said.He _ _ I was interestd in _.【参考答案】1. he, ate 2. told, had, found, his3. she, had, taken 4. rise, goes5. told, had, before 6. had, there7. had, before 8. asked, if whether, before9. told, could 10. how, she, had11. where, I, had, those
40、 12. if whether, I, lived13. told, to, stop 14. not, to, tell15. asked, if whether, that直接引语变间接引语口诀：直引若是一般问，变间ifwhether连。语序变为陈述式，时态人称相应变。直引若是特殊问，疑问词连接记心间。其余问题挺简单，一切只当一般问。直引若是祈使句，谓语动词挺要紧。 toldaskedordered,根据口气来选定。告诉人、请人、命令人，后跟to do sth.。若是否定祈使句,not to do后边行。直接引语变间接引语的人称变化:一主二宾三不变.直接引语的第一人称取决于主句的主语,第二
41、人称取决于主句的宾语,第三人称一般不变。附直接引语变间接引语的详细介绍： 直接引语就是直接引用别人的话，并把它放在引号内；间接引语就是用自己的话转述别人的话，不加引号。直接引语变成间接引语时，间接引语通常以宾语从句的形式出现。直接引语变成间接引语时还要注意人称的变化、时态的变化、指示代词的变化、时间状语的变化及地点状语的变化。1. 直接引语是陈述句变为间接引语的方法 如果直接引语是陈述句，在变为间接引语时，由连词that引导（在口语中that常省略）。主句中如果有say to somebody （对某人说），通常变为tell somebody （告诉某人）。 He said, “I get o
42、n well with people here.”He said that he got on well with people there. Susan said, “We can finish the work tomorrow.”Susan said that they could finish the work the next day. John said to me, “I told her all about it three days ago.”John told me that he had told her all about it three days before.【提
43、醒注意】如果直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，变为间接引语时，第一个宾语从句前的that有时可省略，但第二个宾语从句前的that不可省略。He said, “I like swimming and I want to go swimming with you.”He said (that) he liked swimming and that he wanted to go swimming with us.2. 直接引语是一般疑问句变为间接引语的方法 直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether 或if 引导，同时把原来的疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。主句中的谓语动词是said时，
44、要改为asked，没有间接宾语时，还可根据具体情况加一个间接宾语，如me, us, him等。The teacher said, “Will you be back today?”The teacher asked (him) if (whether) he would be back that day.He asked, “Has the bell rung?”He asked if / whether the bell had rung. “Shall (Should) I tell her your telephone number?” he asked me. （表示询问、征求意见）He wanted to know if （whether） he should tell her my telephone number.【提醒注意】 “Would you like to.?”和“Would you please.?” 表示的是请求，变为间接引语时，常用动词不定式形式。 “Would you like to help me with mylessons?” she asked me.She asked me to help
