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1、时态的呼应,1.当主句是过去时态时，从句一般都必须用过去时态，不能用现在时态。例：Yesterday he said that he had used it.而不能说：Yesterday he said that he has used it.但是，表示真理时，例：The professor said the earth is round.或时间包括现在的时候可以用现在时，例：She said she will go to Pairs.主句是过去时态时候，从句要变成相应的后一种时态，例，如果原来是现在完成时变成过去完成时。但，当主句是现在时或者是将来时的时候，从句不受任何限制。例：I know
2、 he was a doctor before.,否定1：从句的否定,习惯上，在主句接有宾语从句时，否定式放在主句谓语处，不放在宾语从句中。例：I dont think he is a liar.We dont believe they like hot weather.但是，限在sorry,afraid,l worried,sure 等主句表语后的从句（相当于宾语从句）习惯上可以用否定式。例：I am sorry that I didnt come on time.I am not sure that it is worth 300 dollars.我拿不准这是否值300美元I am sur
3、e that it isnt worth 300 dollars.我确信，这不值300美元。,否定2：非谓语动词的否定。,非谓语动词有：不定式（to+动词原形+宾语），-ing形式，过去分词（动词原形+ed)非谓语动词的否定很简单，只要在他们各自的前面加上not 就行了。例：she asks him not to stick to the mistake.We welcome his not smoking.That is the only part not changed.,动词不定式：to do与-ing 形式作宾语时候的区别,不定式作宾语时，宾语的动作时间与谓语动作时间多数不是同一时间，
4、谓语时间一般在宾语时间之前，不定式作宾语突出动作性和动作的一次性，-ing作宾语时，宾语动作的时间和谓语动作的时间同步，同时发生或者同时结束，突出动作的经常性。Eg.I want to go now.(want 发生在go 之前)She has finished reading.(Finish 和reading 是同时结束的。),以下动词作谓语时，充当宾语的不定式必须省去符号to,使役动词：have,let,make感觉动词：feel,hear,listen to,look to,watch,see,noticeEg:Ill have somebody repair it.We will ma
5、ke her take your advice.Please let the bird go.但是转换成被动句时，符号to必须加上。Eg.He was made to agree.She was heard them to mention your name.,主谓一致,注意：学科名词前如果有定冠词或物主代词修饰，意义会发生变化，后面接复数谓语动词。游戏名词前如果有数词或kinds等名词修饰，着眼游戏的个数或者种类，谓语用复数形式，试比较：Statistics is a course at the business school.统计学是这所职业中学的一门课程。The statistics p
6、rove nothing in this instance.这些统计数据在此例中不能证明什么。Darts is his favorite game.投镖游戏是他最喜爱的游戏。Three darts are thrown at each turn.每一轮头三镖。,主谓一致1,下列情况下谓语动词用单数：主语为不可数名词。如：water,ice,gas,air,news,furniture,poetry,advice,information,food,equipment,money,damage.主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词，以-s结尾的游戏名词和疾病名词。如：linguistics(语言学)，
7、economics(经济学),mathematics(数学),politics(政治学),physics(物理学),statistics(统计学);bowls(保龄球)，billiards(台球),draughts(跳棋),arthritis(关节炎),tuberculosis(肺结核),主谓一致2,以-s结尾的地名，国名，报刊杂志，影视剧名，书刊名等作主语，谓语用单数。如“The New York Times is published daily.纽约实报是日报。The United Nations was formed in San Francisco in 1945.主语是数词加表示时间
8、，度，量，衡，金钱等复数名词时。如：Five years is a long time.1000 miles is a very long distance.Two million dollars is a lot of money.,主谓一致3,Each,either,every,no,many a,more than one,each of,neither of,one of 后接主语时。例：One of the doors was damaged.Each of the jobs planned by Billy.Many a man has sacrificed his life fo
9、r the cause of the revolution.注意：one of+可数名词复数+定语从句时，从句中谓语动词应该是复数形式，但the one of或the only one of+定语从句时，从句中谓语动词用单数。例：This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.这是所提出的最有趣的问题之一。Dick was the only one of the villagers who was killed in the earthquake which occurred last week.在上周发生的
10、地震中，Dick是村民中唯一一个死亡的。,主谓一致4,单数名词后面接with,like,along with,together with,as well as,in addition to,rather than,besides,except,including,instead of 等介词短语作主语时。如：A teacher,together with his students,is seeing an English film.I as well as they am ready to help you.从句，短语，句子作主语时。如：It is uncertain whether I wi
11、ll go to see a film.To work is to struggle.,主谓一致5,强调句型it is(was)+被强调部分+that中，无论被强调部分是什么，前面的be动词，始终用is或was.如：It is you that are to blame.It was this morning that we called on him at his office.在以下情况下谓语动词用复数：集合名词：cattle(牲口)，people,police,poultry(家禽)，folk(人们),militia(民兵)foliage(叶子)vermin(害虫)和一些表示成双成对的东
12、西如：trousers,compasses(罗盘，指南针)，glasses，scissors(剪刀)。如：,主谓一致6,The police have caught the murderer(杀人犯)。Your trousers are torn.群岛，海峡，群山，瀑布群等作主语。如：the Philipines,the Alps(阿尔斯山脉)，the Niagara Falls(尼加拉瀑布)Both,(a)few,many,several等限定词修饰。如：Both the books are interesting.A number of,a variety of,a group of 修饰
13、的名词作主语。如：A number of students are in the classroom.,主谓一致7,由eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also等词连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词和后一个名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。如：He or I am wrong.由here或there引导的句子中，如果并列两个以上的主语，谓语动词通常与靠得最近的那个主语的数保持一致。如：There was an apple,two oranges and ten peaches.Here are ten books,one pen and one pencil.,
14、主谓一致8,这些不定代词都看作单数：Each,everyone,everybody,everything,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something,no one,nobody,nothing.如：Each was given an apple.Someone has stolen it.,反意疑问句1,总句型：陈述句（肯定式），+疑问部分（否定式）？陈述句（否定式）+疑问部分（肯定式）如:He has been to the Great Wall,hasnt he?She hasnt finished her work,has she
15、?注意：回答第二中的时候，只需这样回答，肯定回答用yes,+肯定结构，否定回答用：no,+否定结构。如：He isnt an honest man,is he?Yes,he is.(不，他是老实人)。No,he isnt.（不，他不是老实人）。祈使句的反意疑问：Come downstairs,will you?Lets sing karaoke,shall we?Let me have a look,will you?,反意疑问句2,陈述部分有never,no one,nothing,nobody,hardly,seldom,few,little等含有否定意思的单词时，疑问部分要用肯定式。如：
16、Jane never sings pop songs,does she?陈述部分是there引导的存在句时，疑问部分用“助动词（系动词）”+there.如：There is a golden fish in the pot,isnt there?There hasnt been much water in the bottle,has there?,虚拟语气1,1 在下面几个表示命令，要求，建议的动词后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气为(should+动词原型，should可以省略)。如：order,suggest,desire想要，command命令，propose提议，insist坚持，deman
17、d要求，request要求例：He ordered that all the troops(should)charge forward.他命令所有部队冲锋！2 在suggestion,proposal,order,motion(提议)，idea,plan,recommendation(推荐)等名词后边的表语从句和同位语从句一般用虚拟句。例：My suggestion is that the price(should)be cut down in half.,虚拟语气 2,3 在it is suggested(ordered,proposed,requested,important,desire
18、d,necessary,decided,strange,funny,surprising)后面的主语从句一般要用虚拟语气。例：It is strange that he should have failed in the exam.真奇怪他竟会考试不及格。总结：在“坚持”“命令”“建议”“要求”等动词及其派生的形容词，名词后面的从句都用虚拟语气。这类词可以归纳为：一个坚持（insist）两个命令（order,demand）三个建议（advise,suggest,propose）四个要求（demand,require,request,ask）,4 表示愿望的虚拟句：1）表示祝愿（含咒骂），全用动
19、词原形：例：Long live Mother!母亲万岁！God bless you all,children!上帝保佑你们所有的人，孩子们！Heaven help us!上天保佑我们。So be it then!那么就这样吧！Damn it!该死的！2）由may引导的祝愿：May you be lucky all the life!if only 与I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所用虚拟语气的时态与wish后所用的时态一样。In only I were better looking.,虚拟语气3,3）would rather,wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。例：I wi
20、sh my mother were with me.I wish the problem could be solved in one day.We would rather that you were on the campus.注意：wish后的宾语从句表示不能实现的愿望，所以用虚拟语气，而hope后的宾语从句表示可以实现的愿望，所以不用虚拟语气。4)It is about/high time+that+主语+虚拟（一般用过去时态）Its time you went to bed.注意：与其他的虚拟结构不同，该结构不能在该用was用were.Its time I was in bed.,形
21、容词：,这些形容词只能放在名词后面，或者是只能做宾语，有：alive,asleep,alike,apart,alone,awake,ablaze燃烧着的，afloat在水上的，abuilding 在建设中的.,名词性从句：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句 1,1 whether(or not)能引导所有名词性从句，if 仅可引导宾语从句，且不能跟or not连用。例：whether(or not)they will come is unknown.They asked if/whether we could help them.2.主句是reason的表语从句要用that引导，而不用b
22、ecause.例：The reason(why)he didnt come to school was that he was ill.3.That 引导的宾语从句和介词in,except,but,besides 连用，构成固定用法：in that:在于；因为.Except(besides)that除之外，but that若不是,例:He is a good students except that he is occasionally careless.,名词性从句：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句 2,几组动词（短语）+it+that从句的结构：depend on it that请
23、放心，没问题，see to it that 保证,负责做到,take it that.认为,猜想,have it that硬说，主张常与will连用。例：See to it that you are not late again.注意在不能迟到了。They will have it that they are right.他们硬说他们正确。,名词性从句：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句 3,同位语从句通常用that引导，that不在从句中担当成分，但不可省略。也可由whether,where,when,what,how,why引出。例：You have no idea how worr
24、ied I was!We have no news when he will come back.注意：同位语大多数是用that 引导的，少数是用其他词引导的。被同位语从句说明的词通常是表达“语言，思想，事实”等一类词。有：idea,fact,reply,order,suggestion,thought,belief信念，rumor谣言，hope,doubt,question,answer,news,promise诺言,saying格言,定语从句1,1 介词后只能用which引导，而不能用that引导，但是如果把介词放在句后，则可以用that.例：Let me have a look at t
25、he article that you talked yesterday./Let me have a look at the article about which you talked yesterday.2 只能用关系代词that引导定语从句的几种情况：1）先行词包括人和物：The teachers and schools that we have visited there left a deep impression on us.,定语从句 2,2）当先行词为all,something,anything,nothing,everything,any,much,little等不定代词，
26、而且不表示人时。如：Im interested in all that you have told me.3）先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the most beautiful place that I have ever visited.4）先行词被first,last,only,very,no修饰时。如That was the only way that I could find out at that moment.,定语从句 3,惯用型：1）such as.象一样的 the sameas与一样的例：we seldom meet such a beggar as we
27、met today.He is not the same kind of person as you are.2)such as此时，such是代词，指这种人，这种事，as是关系代词。例：She is not such as you can imagine.她不是你想象的那种人。,定语从句 4,3）as.;,as例：As you can see,we are all student.=we are all students,as you can see.As you know,we need to hurry upShes not very honest,as you have proved.,
