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1、托福独立写作素材整理媒体类Howdomoviesortelevisioninfluencepeoplesbehavior?Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.电影和电视如何改变人们的行为？180Moviesarepopularallovertheworld.Explainwhymoviesaresopopular.Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.为什么电影变得全球普及？1电影，电视和音乐深深影响人们的生活段落大意：电影，音乐，电视对青少年来说一方面起着娱乐的作用，另一
2、方面也深深影响他们的思维。Television,movies,andmusicareplayingmajorrolesinmost(ifnotall)ofthelivesofteenagers.Althoughteensmayfeelthattheyaresimplymeanttoentertain,thesemediadeeplyaffecttheirmindsandhowtheythinkandreacttovarioussituations.Goingtothemoviesisfun.Yougetyourcandyandyourdrinkandaretakenawayintoaficti
3、onalworldfortwoorthreehours,thenleavethetheaterandgetbacktoreality.2电影对当今社会有着深远的影响段落大意：电影的发展影响着人们生活的方方面面，例如人们的生活方式，语言习惯。Theuseoffilmanditsexplorationshaveprogressedsteadilysincethe1800sandasourtitlesuggests,ithasbecomeanimportantartformandahugeinfluenceonsocietytoday,influencingthewaywelive,thewaywe
4、speakzthewayweactandmore.Thereisn,tanartformclosertorepresentingreality;thisiswhyfilmhassuchaneffectonallofus!Somemoviesareserious,designedtomaketheaudiencethink.Othermoviesaredesignedprimarilytoamuseandentertain.Whichtypeofmoviedoyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.有些电影是严肃的，旨
5、在引起观众的思考，有些电影主要是娱乐逗笑，你喜欢哪种电影？1喜剧电影产带给观众生活的乐观方面段落大意:喜剧电影对学生们有很好的教育作用。Entertainmentandmassmediacontributedtothestudentsmindsetandthelensthroughwhichtheyviewedandinterpretedtheirlivedexperience.Comedicmassmediaintheformoftelevisionsitcomsandfilmswerecommonchoicesforinexpensiveentertainment,intheirchild
6、hood,intheirpastzintheirhomes,andnowintheircollegedormsandapartments.Inaskingstudentstoconnecttheirownhistorywithculturaltrendsdepictedincomedyinfilmandtelevision,eventhroughthehistoryoftelevision,gavethestudentsafamiliarvenuetocriticallyconsidertheirownintellectualgrowthanddevelopmentandthatOfAmeri
7、cansocietyasawhole.2喜剧电影的幽默给人们的好处段落大意：喜剧电影给人们乐观看待生活的机会。Allcomediesalwayshaveoneessentialingredienttomakeitagreatcomedy-humor.Allcomediesgivepeopleanopportunitytolookathumorinlifeandlaughatit.ComediesusuallyshowahilarioussceneforpeopletoenjoyandlaughatManysceneswhichhaveanoutburstofcrazyandridiculous
8、momentswillnotusuallyhappeninourdailyIifezbutitsfuntoenjoy.Filmscantellusalotaboutthecountrywheretheyweremade.Whathaveyoulearnedaboutacountryfromwatchingitsmovies?Usespecificexamplesanddetailstosupportyourresponse.电影透露出电影制作国家的很多方面，你从观看一个国家的电影里看到了该国家的什么？可以把媒体折射出来的社会现象写进文章.1电影反映出的经济和商业化段落大意：媒体可以折射出一个国
9、家高度的商业化。媒体把生活中一切都变为商业的模式。例如商业体育，商业艺术。Witheveryaspectofourmediaculture,wecanlookforwardtothefull-scalecommercializationofsportszarts,andeducation.AsJamesMadisononceputznApopulargovernmentwithoutpopularinformation,orthemeansofacquiringitzisbutaprologuetoafarceoratragedyzorperhapsboth.2电影是政治观点的反映段落大意：媒
10、体影响着人们对政治的看法。媒体带给人们关于政治的一切消息，这些消息影响着人们的观点。ThemediaisanintricatepartofAmericangovernment,intertwinedwiththepracticeofdemocracy,buttowhatextentdoesthemediainfluencepublicopinion?Toanswerthatquestionseveralaspectsofmediacoveragehavetobeexplored.ThefirstfactisthatthemediaisAmerica1sbasicresourceforallth
11、enewsconcerningAmericanpolitics.Thesecondaspectisthattheopinionexpressedbythepressinfluencestheopinionadoptedbythepublic.Lastlytheissuesthemediadeemimportanthelpsetthenationalagenda.Themostbasicwaythemediainfluencepublicopinionisbyofferingknowledgeaboutgovernmentdecisionsandaccesstogovernmentinforma
12、tion.Dailythepressdeliverstherawinformationtothenationwhominturnformsintoopinions.Withoutthemediaitwouldtakethepubliclongertobecomeeducatedaboutgovernmentalproceedings.Themediasendmessagesacrossthenation.Beforetheadvancementofsuchmediaasthetelevision,radio,andtheInternet,amuchsmallerpercentageofAmer
13、icanswereinformedabouttheissuesconcerned.3电影反映大量信息段落大意：媒体为群众提供大量各种各样的信息。这些信息控制着人们的生活，娱乐，教育等各个方面。Mediahasalwaysplayedahugeroleinoursociety.Inancienttimeswhentherewasnonewspapersandtelevision,peopleusedliteratureassourceofinformation,somebooksliketheIliad,anddifferentstoriesaboutgreatkings.Nowadaysmed
14、iaisoneofthemainpartsofourlivesandoursociety,becauseweusewordmediatocombineallsourcesofinformation.Averagemanisspending4hoursadayonwatchingTVandreadingnewspapers.Newspapers,Internet,television,radio,andmagazinesareallmedia.Themediaprovidesinformationtoeducate,toinformorsimplytoentertainitsaudience.T
15、heimportanceofthemediaistopublishthemessageworldwide,sothatitcanbecomepopular.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Advertisingcantellyoualotaboutacountry.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.广告可以透露一个国家的很多方面，同意与否？1广告反映出文化的具体化段落大意：媒体利用各种不同符号来使得人类文化具体化。Themediausesthesesignsymbolss
16、othatanassociationcanbemadetotheobject,person,evetzorideaetc.Withthisinformationofrepresentationandlanguagethemediacanfamiliarizepeoplewithmanythings,suchasculturalknowledge.2广告反映出不同文化之间的差异段落大意：媒体可以反映出不同文化之间的差异。例如价值差异，道德水准的差异等等。Themediamustconsidertheculturalvariablesofeachcountry,suchasthecomplexit
17、yoflearnedmeanings,norms,language,customs,tastes,attitudes,religion,traditions,education,Iifestylezvalues,andtheethical/moralstandardssharedbymembersofeachsociety.Culturalnormsandvaluesofferdirectionandguidancetomembersofasocietyinallaspectsoftherelives.Everycountryexhibitsculturaltraitsthatinfluenc
18、enotjusttheneedsandwantsofconsumersbuthowtheygoaboutsatisfyingthem.3广告能反映个人思想，看法段落大意：广告能反映出我们对事件的看法和理解。Advertisingperpetuatessomeofthemythsassociatedwithcertainculturalgroups.Advertisementsrefernotonlytothingsandsituationsbutalsoawayofseeingandinterpretingthem.Advertisementsconstitutearepertoirethat
19、viewerscandrawuponbothforrepresentingandunderstandingthemselvesandformakingsenseoftheirexternalreality.Advertisingshapesrealitytoservecapitalism.Accordingtowhichadvertisingoffersapleasurablesyntheticexperienceasasurrogateforreality.Advertisingisthereforemeaningfulasitcreatesasenseoffamiliaritywithth
20、ewaysofexperiencingitinarepresentedform.4广告是一种交流工具段落大意：媒体是用来进行交流，教育，娱乐等活动的强大工具。Ifthemediadoesnotunderstandtheculturalcharacteristicsofacountrytheywouldnotbeawareofthesharedculturalvaluesofthecommunity.Themediaisaverypowerfultoolofcommunication.Itisusedasatooltoeducate,informandentertainpeopleallover
21、theworld.5广告有助于观念传播段落大意：广告传播买卖，价值，成功失败，等诸多观念。Themediazwhichissomewhatreflectiveofsociety,hasbecomeapowerfultoolinshapingourculture.Advertisementsarethefoundationformassmedia;theysellimages,values,success,normalcy,andromance.Dailyzweareexposedtoadvertisementswhethertheyarewrittenorcommercial.6广告是人们生活
22、的真实反映段落大意：媒体影响着人们对真实生活的看法和认识。Themediaclearlyhasanimpactonourlivesandespeciallytheyoungzimpressionableandweak-mindedpeopleinoursociety.ChildrenbecomedesensitizedtoviolencewhentheyseeiteverydayonTVzintheatersandeveninvideogames.Theyarenotbecomingproperlyaquatintedwithwhatarerealzwhatarenot,andtheeffec
23、tsofitatall.EvenTVnewsdeadensanyonesperceptionofreality.Peopleofallagesespeciallythosewhoareatanimpressionabletimeintheirlivesneedtoknowthatmurderzdeathandviolencearerealandthatsadnesscomeswithallofthem.7广告能够反映政治观念段落大意：媒体影响着我们生活的各个方面，包括政治。Mediaisallaroundus.Mediahasastrongeffectonourlives.Mediaisthe
24、centralforceinshapingourcultureanddemocracy.Mediareflectsandsustainsthevaluesandtraditionsofourstriving,butnecessarydemocracy.Somepeoplesaythatadvertisingencouragesustobuythingsthatwereallydonotneed.Otherssaythatadvertisementstellusaboutnewproductsthatmayimproveourlives.Whichviewpointdoyouagreewith?
25、Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.有些人认为广告鼓励我们购买我们不需要的东西，另外有些人认为广告告诉我们可以提高生活的新产品的信息。你同意哪种观点？1广告的社会导向作用段落大意：广告提供大量关于生活方式，道德观念的信息，成为社会导向的一个方面。Advertisinghasbecomeakindofsocialguide.Itdepictsusinallthemyriadsituationspossibletoalifeoffreechoice.Itprovidesideasaboutstyle,morality,andbehavi
26、or.Whilethereisgeneralagreementthatadvertisingisanimportantsocialinfluenceagentzopinionsastothevalueofitscontributionareoftennegated.2广告的控制观念的作用和其模式化段落大意：广告被指责鼓励人们买不需要的东西，模式化，控制媒体。Advertisingiscriticizedforencouragingmaterialism,manipulatingconsumerstobuythingstheydonotreallyneed,perpetuatingstereot
27、yping,andcontrollingthemedia.Themediamustconsidertheculturalvariablesofeachcountry,suchasthecomplexityoflearnedmeanings,norms,language,customs,tastes,attitudes,religion,traditions,education,lifestyle,values,andtheethical/moralstandardssharedbymembersofeachsociety.Thesevariablesmustbelearntbythemedia
28、asnottooffendthegrouptheyareportraying.Culturalnormsandvaluesofferdirectionandguidancetomembersofasocietyinallaspectsoftherelives.Everycountryexhibitsculturaltraitsthatinfluencenotjusttheneedsandwantsofconsumersbuthowtheygoaboutsatisfyingthem.3鼓励人们买东西是广告作用的体现段落大意：广告的作用就是告诉人们什么东西将会是他们最好的选择,从而鼓励人们购买，或
29、者支持这样的东西，即使人们并不需要。Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbestintereststotakeanactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theactionmaybetopurchaseaproduct,gotoashowroomtotrytheproduct,useaservice,voteforapoliticalcandidate,makeacontribution,oreventojointheArmy.Likeanypersonalsalesperso
30、n,theadvertisementtriestopersuade.Advertisingcompaniesarekeepingthepulseoncontemporaryculture,surgingwithnewinnovativemarketingtechniquesthatareimputedthroughpromotion.Advertisingbringspeopleimmediatenewsaboutproductsthathavejustcomeonthemarket.Companiesuseadvertisementtoenticethemtogointostoresandp
31、urchaseproducts.4广告的目的段落大意：广告目的就是鼓励人们买东西。Advertsarethingsthatshowcertainproductsandtrytogetyoutobuythem.Thepurposeofadvertsistomakeyoubuytheproductsbeingadvertisedsotheycanmakeaprofit.Companiesspendalotofmoneyonadvertsbecauseiftheadvertsareperfecttheproduct7ssaleswillbemuchhigherthanwhentheproductis
32、ntadvertised.Wefindadvertseverywherefromthetelevision,radioandtheinternet.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Watchingtelevisionisbadforchildren.Usespecificdetailsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.看电视对孩子有坏处，同意与否？1电视暴力的坏处段落大意：电视暴力也是媒体所带来的影响之一。电视暴力对现实生活中孩子们的行为有着直接的引导作用。TheAmericanmediaisthemost
33、violentintheworld.Withover1000studiessupportingthecausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren,weknowthemorelife-liketheviolencedepictedthemorelikelyitwillbelearned.2电视暴力段落大意：电视暴力是不容忽视的社会问题。Publicattentiontoviolenceintelevisionhasbeenevidentsincetheearly1950,s.Sincethezsom
34、ehavecometofeelthattheportrayalofviolenceontelevisionisanexampleofthemoralbreakdownofoursociety.Televisionisthoughttohaveanimpactonthebeliefsandactionsofviewerszespeciallyofchildrenandteenagers.Mostboysandgirlswhoseeviolentactsperformedontelevisionaremorelikelytobecomeviolentandaggressiveintheirownl
35、ives.TwoChicagodoctors,LeonardEronzandRowellHuesmannfollowedtheviewinghabitsofagroupofchildrenfortwenty-twoyears.Theyconcludedthatwatchingviolenceontelevisionencouragesviolentandaggressivebehavior.Programs,advertisements,andeventhenewsaregivingthepublicawarpedviewofreality.3行为引导和控制的弊端段落大意：电视教会人们模仿电视
36、中人物的行为，而这种潜移默化的影响不一定是好事。Oneeffecttelevisionhasonhumansisitsabilitytocausepeopletoimitatetheimagestheyseeontelevision.Oneofthemostbasiclearningmethodsisbyimitation.Peoplelearnbasicskillsthroughimitation;forexample,survival,communication,social,andmobilityskillsarelearnedthroughimitation.Aspeoplegrowu
37、p,moreadvancedskillsarealsolearnedandperformedbyimitation.Skillssuchasmartialartsarelearnedbywatchingthemasterperformanactionandthenimitatingthataction.Eventually,theactionsperformedbythemasterareimplantedinthemindofthepupil.Thus,whenthepupilwishestoconducttheaction,he/sherecallstheimplantedimageand
38、imitatesit.Similarly,peoplelearnactionsastheyseeithappenontelevisionrepeatedly.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Readingfiction(suchasnovelsandshortstories)ismoreenjoyablethanwatchingmovies.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestoexplainyourposition.读小说和故事比看电影更加有味，同意与否？1人们花在阅读上的时间越来越少段落大意：人们用在阅读上
39、的时间明显的减少。这些时间大都被用在观看电影上。这种行为的负面作用是降低了孩子们的创造能力。Anobviousdeclinehasoccurredintheamountoftimeyoungpeoplespendonreading.Thelossofinterestinteenagersforreadinghasresultedfromtheinventionofthemovingpicture.Nolongerdoteenagersopentheirimaginationstocreateavisionofstoriesportrayedinbooks.Thevisionshavealrea
40、dybeenprovidedforthemintheformsofmovieszvideogameszandtelevision.2读书的好处段落大意：读书启发人们，影响人们生活，可以给人们不同的体验。Withoutbooksourpredecessorswouldleaveusintheintellectualdark.Therearesomanylessonstaughtbythebooks.Bookshavethepowertoinfluencethewaypeoplethinkandact.Bookscantransportyoutodifferentplaces；worlds,tim
41、es,people,anywhereyoucanimaginewithoutleavingyourownroom.Pickingupabookislikepickingupaworldthatiswaitingtobeexplored.3读书的好处段落大意：读书应该读出作者写作的意图。Thearticlementionedandtalkedabouthowpeoplemustlearntoreadabook.NotbySimplyjustreadingthetext,butbyunderstandingwhatismentioned,considerthepointofviewoftheaut
42、hor,andthedegreeofsignificancetheauthorgivestothetext.Thisiswherereadingbetweenthelinescomesin.Apersonmustbeabletoacknowledgewhatheorsheisreading.Iftheindividualreadsthetextanddoesnotunderstanditsmeaning,thenthetimehasbeenwasted.Onemustlearnwaysofunderstandingabookandwhatitistryingtogetacross,becaus
43、etextcarriesemotiontoagreatextendandpeoplejustdonztseemtoknow.Thisiswhyreadingisessentialnotonlytooneseducationbuttooneslifeaswell.4电影和小说相比的不足段落大意：青少年花费很多时间在看电影等其他娱乐方式上，然而电影对故事的描绘和呈现不一定完整和正确。Acommonpastimeforteenagersismoviewatching.Everyweekend,andoccasionallyweeknightszonecanfindhundredsofyoungpeo
44、pleatmovietheaters.Greatstoriesthatwereonceonlyobtainablethroughreadinghavebeenmadeintomovies,attractingmillionsofyoungpeopletowatch.IrecentlywenttoseethemovieremakeofStephenKingsbookTheGreenMile.Ihadbeforehandreadthebook.TomezthemoviedidnotaccuratelyportrayKingsbook.MostoftheyoungpeopleIaskedtocomp
45、arethemovieandthebooktoldmetheyhadneverevenheardofthebookversionofTheGreenMile.5电影的影响作用体现段落大意：很多年轻人都通过现代科技，例如电影，电视，学习外部世界。Manyyoungpeopletodayarelearningabouttheirworldthroughelectronicmeans-radioztelevision,videomovies,computergames,virtualrealitygamesandtheInternet.Inparticularthevisualenvironment
46、oftheelectronicmediaisgreatlyattractingtheprintmediainallitsforms.Howmanychildrenreadcomicbooksthesedays?Mostwouldratherwatchcartoons,orplayarcadegamesorhand-heldvideogames.6电影电视的优点段落大意：电视是人类消除负面情绪的一剂良药。Televisionisuniqueinthatitsmoothesoutanyfurrowsinthecommoditysystem.Dormantanxietiescanbedulledby
47、thetelevisionexperience.BeyondbeingadeliverysystemforcommodityIifezitisthesoldertoholdthatlifetogether,thedrugtoeasethepainofconfinedandchanneledexistence.名言警句“Readingabookislikere-writingitforyou.Youbringtoanovelzanythingyouread,allyourexperienceoftheworld.Youbringyourhistoryandyoureaditinyourownte
48、rms.AngelaCarter(1940-1992)zBritishauthor.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Face-to-facecommunicationisbetterthanothertypesofcommunication,suchasletters,email,ortelephonecalls.Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.面对面的交流比其他任何方式都好，同意与否？1面对面交流是最基础、重要的交流方法段落大意：面对面交流是从古老的交流方法沿袭下来的交
49、流方式，在现代的科技交流面前，也有着极其重要的作用。Facetofacecommunication,thefirstcommunicationtype,isthebasiccommunicationmethod,whichhasbeenexistedsincethecreationofhuman.Beforelanguagewasdeveloped,humanracehadbeencommunicatingbysymbolsdonebyhandsorsoundtypes.Thenthesesoundschangedandlanguage,differingfromregiontoregion,wascreated.Agespassedandnowwearelivingintheeraoftechnology,wherecomm
