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1、Direct speech and Indirect speech,直接引语和间接引语,直接引语、间接引语的定义,直接引语：直接引用当事人所说的语句，忠实于原文，不做任何改变，一般情况下我们用引号分开。间接引语：简洁引用当事人所说的语句，即用我们的角度引用某人在那个时候所说的语句，其事态、时间状语、人称均要根据我们的需要加以改变。,约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去。”,（直接引语）用引号引出人家的原话,John said:“Im going to London with my father.”,约翰说,他要和父亲去伦敦。,（间接引语）用自己的话吧人家的话转述过来,John said that he
2、 was going to London with his father.,直接引语变为间接引语的规则,一、如何变人称口诀：“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”,“一随主”：是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。,She said,My brother wants to go with me.”,She said her brother wanted to go with her.,“二随宾”：是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人你所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致，如果引号外
3、的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称。,He said to Kate,How is your sister now?,He asked Kate how her sister was then.,“第三人称不更新”：是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化。,Mr Smith said,“Jack is a good worker.”,Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.,二、如何变时态,直接引语在改为间接引语时，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、地点状语、时间状语等需要做相应的调整。,（1）一般现在
4、时 一般过去时,She said:“I am a student.”,She said she was a student.,（2）现在进行时 过去进行时,She said,“I am reading a book.”,She said she was reading a book.,（3）一般将来时 过去将来时,She said,He will go to see his friend.,She said he would go to see his friend.,（4）现在完成时 过去完成时,He said,“I have had lunch.”,He said that he had
5、had lunch.,（5）一般过去时 过去完成时,He said that he had had lunch.,He said,“I had lunch.”,（6）过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时 不变,He said,”I was watching TV at eight yeaterday.”,He said he was watching TV at eight the day before.,(1)直接引语是客观真理。“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”,the teacher to
6、ld me.The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.,注意：以下几种情况，在变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化,(2)若直接引语中含有when,since,while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句,变间接引语时,从句时态不变。如：She said,“I went there when I was six years old.”She said she had gone there when she was six years old.,(3)直接引语中有具体的过去某
7、年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时,时态不变。Xiao Wang said.“I was born on April 2l,1980.”Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20,1980.,(4)直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的,习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的,变间接引语时,时态保持不变。,The boy said to us,“I usually get up at six every day.”,The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.,(5)若直接引语的谓语中含有would,sho
8、uld,might,must,used to,ought to,had better等动词时变为间接引语时,时态不变。She said,“We should help each other.”She said we should help each other.,三、如何变状语：,直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律。时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”。例:now 变为 then yesterday 变为 the day before today 变为 that day。地点状语,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代词修饰的状语,由“此”改为“彼”。,直接引语,间接引语,指示代词,时 间 状 语,地点
9、状语,方向性动词,this,that,these,those,now,then,today,that day,this week,that week,yesterday,the day before,last week/month,the week/month before,four days ago,four days before,the day before yesterday,two days before,tomorrow,the next/following day,next week/month,the next week/month,here,there,come,go,bri
10、ng,take,tonight,that night,四、如何变句型：,He said,“I have been to the Great Wall.”He said that he had been to the Great Wall.He said,“Ill give you an examination next Monday.”He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.,1.直接引语如果陈述句 用连词that引导的宾语从句，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的said,也可用told
11、来代替，注意，可以说said that,told sb.that，不可直接说told that。,解题步骤:,1.陈述句:,“I dont like computers,”Sarah said to her friends.,Sarah said to her friends,that,said,didnt,she,Sarah said to her friends that she didnt like computers.,Sarah,一般疑问句、反疑疑问句、选择疑问句,Eg.He said,“Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”H
12、e asked(me)whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said,“You are interested in English,arent you?”He asked whether I was interested in English.“Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?”HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike.,间接引语用连词whether或if引导的宾语从句（即语序是陈述句的语序），原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等)。
13、,2.直接引语如果疑问句,间接引语为陈述语序，主句的谓语动词say 改为asked，或改为wondered，did not know，wanted to know，be not sure，be puzzled等。,(2)特殊疑问句,Eg.He said to me，“Whats your name?”He asked me what my name was.He asked us,“How many car factories have been built in your country?”He asked us how many car factories had been built i
14、n our country.Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.Sheaskedme,“Whatwas Jack doing when I come in?”Sheaskedme what Jack was doing when she came in.,间接引语应该改为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达。,注意:如果直接引语是“Whats the matter?”“Whats wrong?”“Whats the troubl
15、e?”,变间接引语时语序不变。,He said,”what is wrong with you?He asked me what was wrong with me.,一改：said(to)改为asked或told，即间接引语应 改为tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)to do sth.句型。,Eg.“Open the door,please,saidshe.Sheaskedhimtoopen the door.“Dontmakeanynoise,”theteachersaid to the students.Shetold(ordered)thestudentsnotto
16、 makeanynoise.,3.直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为：一改二变三加四去。,二变：said to 的宾语或呼语变为asked等的宾语,He said to me,“Please do it again.”He told/asked me to do it again.,三加：即在动词原形前加to，使成为动词不定式,He said to her,“Dont take the book away.”He asked her not to take the book away.,四去：去掉please,“Dont make any noise,”she said to the chi
17、ldren.She told/ordered the children not to make any noise.“Bring me a cup of tea,please,”said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.,注意:(1)直接引语如果表示建议、提议、劝告或要求（“Lets”开头的祈使句等)，变为间接引语时，通 用“suggest/insist+动名词或从句。”,Hesaid,“Letsgotothemovies.”Hesuggestedgoingtothemovies.或 Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgo
18、toseethemovies.,(2)“Would you mind opening the window?”he asked.He asked me to open the window.“Why dont you take a walk after supper?”he asked.he advised me to take a walk after supper.“Shall we listen to the music?”he asked.He suggested listening to the music.,Find the rules:finish the following e
19、xercises,and try to find the rules.,“Make sure the door is open.”the teacher said to me.The teacher told me to make sure the door was open.“Dont play games in the classroom.”the monitor said to us.The monitor told us not to play games in the classroom.“Will you please not smoke here,Tom?”she added.S
20、he asked Tom not to smoke there.,4.直接引语是感叹句时,间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导，在转述中，不但要保留感叹句的结构，还要注意时态的变化。,Eg.She said,“What a lovely day it is!”She said what a lovely day it was.或 She said that it was a lovely day.,He said:“How happy I am!”He said that he was very happy.或 He said how happy he was.,Exer
21、cise,1.“I never eat meat.”he said.He said that _ never _ meat.2.“Ive found my wallet.”he said to me.He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet.3.“I took it home with me.”she said.She said that _ _ _ it home with her.4.The teacher said,“The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”The teacher said that the
22、 sun _ in the east and _ down in the west.5.“I met her yesterday.”he said to me.He _ me that he _ met the day _.6.“You must come here before five.”he said.He said that I _ to go _ before five.7.“I bought the house 10 years ago.”he said.He said that he _ bought the house 10 years _.,he,ate,told,had,F
23、ound,his,she,had,taken,rise,goes,told,had,before,had,before,had,there,8.“Did you see her last week?”he said.He _ _ I had seen her the week _.9.He said,“You can sit here,Jim.”He _ Jim that he _ sit there10.He asked,“How did you find it,mother?”He asked her mother _ _ _ found it.11.“Where have you bee
24、n these days?”he asked.He asked me _ _ _been _ days.12.“Do you know where she lives?”he asked.He asked _ _ knew where she _.13.“Stop making so much noise,children.”he said.He _ the children _ _ making so much noise.14.“Dont tell him the news.”she said.She told me _ _ him the news.15.“Are you interested in this?”he said.He _ _ I was interested in _.,if,asked,told,before,she,could,where,how,had,had,those,lived,I,if,stop,to,told,to,not,asked,tell,if,that,I,
