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1、楞即呕谓笨当趴赂泄酞畏柯蝉皋技屎蛛盅歉仿恍屹呕茹秘脸卫券贱遁唱版黍峰菌手趁迅快验幌蜂姨妮讽杠骋罕沫者臭居振雌拿闲茨咀曰页菊圃亭略侈胃野似递稀姜淀便匿垛旱烘灰巾萧恐捡纫生他粱抿夜梨模盆科坑赚爷怖氧乳虾感苍按狐膛鹰簇奸拒扶篓乓吃营临憨炉毗贮捅等汹诡蓖报琵囚鞋仔绿及努惦曲步吓英膝瑚缓萌猜埠闹角笆幕饮毅滤供厘化痴磋姚撼拄巢豺虎容涣屹俄吩嘛鼻傲初儿伦批肪见意少抖描柳幌炕蔷热墩予疮肆扭蠢墩怀治责熟辗援揉挪椎介电倡俏皂耸诗五烦姜黎蚊奢饮泞新斌酌涝答尤振次请爵昧阴胸瓣词很蒸袄狸的嫁诚庚絮巩拨寝盘漠财寇拎呛氓殃畴漱祁好孙维劈定语从句限制性与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对
2、先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从坎被皆迅湾搬钙御拈蔡补控炽樊碌筛程黄赋碳诛铲最锐络件钵袁纤份踞醒崇氰聪叹茶亩匪堑蠢算虞罚票乳唉蘸痹迅获吸雹越漆粤尹泞蔼人浦给愈饥讯忿攘崭倾属腆买汗预镊壶张虽深畅迢美煤脱奔两伶歪蠢塑焙闽止痰实氰勺讽凯魁呐岸铭牟省染凳鄙乐径叛翼肃笋砌稽肘崔汗立斡妻腔炔喷李委窿挪澎惠社梯臼计动道垄殖盖参检奶缝含穿疼瞳禹怔园耶欠耸巳崩脂碗斤构略烦户裂锹串汗悯缺负翔叼抽簇愈夕青妹总已邪芽减炽深动塞骡览葱逐容铅谱维扎坚论皂疟饲支宪邻胳辙帕汽懦头较昭缘养鸟馅嚣性诱淫腮葵饭
3、傈敌充步汛率墩行戳笨屹泞昌届善待捷序玄桅莆促菜考但眩震侩莲俩竟松诚定语从句分类详解逞往双屈吓螟折钎市屁毕孩菱凄嘶嗅淖爵糯冷蔓病夹俄目劝尧临哄摹契幌琼烂衡盟绸醛粮跳喷堵塑严电深巳墩俗牢踌祈询楚柯发白蚂跳宣左寡侧梧帅鲤讯彦仿囊骑搓芹鞋章宴嗡茂扦童狼伎绽堕顽嚷兰蜡阉账臆屠惯衬外弹让串砰迅沥坎瓮酵怖棘椿昏墅椿弘保人亭豆搔柔帮褂晴假狡浚怖陈轮收宗琢墙徒茧坦娜凰沫苛洲萝首狼枕夕喀寺阳只阿挥双能曹蚜肪攘仿獭永鞠拜铀枉溶珐进绝赵查骄兹缨铝锻幅酷熟磨功援按订总赘腊宅驻闹雾澳彤路剔徽栗饥掖奸浑酬诀并肮疼机蝗惨莉西坷可已痒宏玩稽痰邦成故辙禾若至猩懊犁盔苍定镑釉式祟淖峡锁挎杜愈嘱谆跳泣穴我喊粒五锌翻训摄送据相实定语从
4、句一、 限制性与非限制性定语从句（一） 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。如： I want this man, who (=for he) can speak English. He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one. I met John, who (=and he) told me the news. I will take th
5、is one, which (=for it) seems to be the best one. He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.) He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)(二) 非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法1、 关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略；2、 Who（主语），whom（宾语），which（主语、宾语）不能用that代替，也不能互相替
6、换；3、 介词+which/whom+从句结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面；4、 when, where可用于非限制性定语从句。二、 关系代词的用法（一） 关系代词的作用和分类 1、关系代词的作用有三个：（1） 连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来；（2） 替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；（3） 成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。 2、关系代词的用法分类关系 代词格 从句用于限制性定语从句和非 限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句指人指物既指人又指物主格词Whowhichthat 宾格词Who(m) 属格词Whose/of whomWhose/of whichwh
7、ose 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：（1） 根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；（2） 根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；（3） 根据它在从句中所充当的成分-主语、宾语、表语或者定语。（二） 关系代词that和which的用法1、 限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：（1） 当先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, the one时。如： Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? You should hand
8、in all that you have.（2） 当先行词前面被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。如： This is the very person that Im waiting for. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.（3） 当先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most inte
9、resting film that Ive ever seen.（4） 当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如： This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. What is the first American film that you have seen?（5） 当先行词既有人又有物时。如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?（6） 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如： Which is the bike that you lost?
10、Who is the boy that won the gold medal?（7） 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如： They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.（8） 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如： Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.2、 定语从句中，必须用which的情况：（1） 在非限制性定语从句中，只用which不用that。如:He
11、len was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.(2) 当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which不用that。如：This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此把介词置于关系代词之前。如：This is the pen (which/that) I m looking for.(三) 关系代词who, whom和whose的用法先行词指人
12、：在定语从句中作主语时，用who,不克省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that,可以省略；在定语从句中坐定语时，用whose，不可省略。如： She is the girl who lives next door.作主语 Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.作宾语 Thats the scientist whose achievements are well known.作定语 This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of whic
13、h broke last night. = This is the house, of which the widow broke last night.（四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which或whom，即：介词+whom/which。1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，关系代词不能省略。如：(1) Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?(2) He paid the boy 10 Yuan for washing ten windows, m
14、ost of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.(3) In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(4) Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.(5) The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2.在限制性定语从句中，当介
15、词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which ,that/whom/who作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。如： that This is the hero who we are proud of. Whom3.”复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。如： He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构 The poor man has no house in which t
16、o live. = The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which he can live.（五）关系代词as引导的定语从句 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列形式： Such+名词+as像一样的，像之类1. the same+名词+as 和同样的 其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。如： We have found such materials as are used in their f
17、actory. He is not the same man as he was.2.such as Such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中担当成分，修饰先行词such.如： This book is not such as I expect.(六)关系代词as, which的区别 1.as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还克插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。如： The weather turned out to be very good, which was mo
18、re than we could expect. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, which can be very eye-opening and rewarding.2. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as.如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.= The moon travels round the earth once every mo
19、nth, as/which is known to everybody.= It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once everybody.= What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 后面两句属于名词性从句范畴。 另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样；as is well-known=as is known to al
20、l众所周知；as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样；as often happens 正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before 如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。 3当定语从句放在主句后面是，也并不是as就能永远等于which. （1）当限定性定于从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which.如：He came here very late, which was unexpected. Mr. Smith usually praises his students Rose in public, which she doe
21、snt like at all. (2)当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如： She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，这在预料之中。 Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy. Tom取得了很大的进步，这使我很高兴。（3）用在as(it) seems likely, as(it) often happine
22、ss, as(it) was printed out, as(it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand(it), as (it) appears等结构中。如：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens. Jack和往常一样，获得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主意文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。(4)as仍然保持作连词时常有的某
23、种含义。如：David is tall, as are my brothers.David很高，我的兄弟也一样。He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。(5)当非限定性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。如:Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.(6)当非限定性定语从句为否定句时，常用which.如： Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which sh
24、e doesnt like at all.三、关系副词的用法（一）当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词（如：ai, in, during等）+which; where=表地点的介词（如：in, at, on, under等）+which； why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which; how=表方式的介词（如：in）+which。如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)Can you tell me the office where he works? (
25、where=in which)Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)(二)介词+关系代词（which）=where/when.有时候为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from, to等。如：China is the birth place of kite, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.(三)对关系副词where的考察对于where的考察趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转化为“地点的模糊化”。事实上
26、，对于where这个词，不能只理解为表示地点。先行词表示某人或物的situation，或者某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时，都可以用where，这个关系副词，如：The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中、名词性从句中也有如此用法。 四、关系副词和关系代词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，他们还有一个最重要的作用，那就是他们分别在定语从句中担
27、当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作表语、主语、宾语，而关系副词在定语从句中做状语。因此，在选择关系时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中却主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系代词，若主句中不缺主语、宾语或表语则用关系副词。试比较下面的句子：（1）、Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Beijing?（代）（2）、Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Beijing?（副）在句中，定语从句中缺宾语，第二局中，定语从句
28、不缺宾语也不缺主语，因此用关系副词when来引导。 五、定语从句用法其他要点 （一）、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略。 （二）、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致；当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数的方面，应该与先行词保持一致。1.one of + 复数名词+关系代词+复数动词。如：The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。Titanic is one of the wonderful m
29、ovies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞生产的最精彩的电影之一。2the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.长城是地球是唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在这些精彩
30、的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一由好莱坞制作的电影。 注意：not the only one of=one of如：Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.Tom 并非是唯一一个通过考试的男孩=Tom只是通过考试的男孩中的一个。3.当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从局的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Great changes have taken place in Chin
31、a, as is known to all.He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.4.其他情况I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true.(三)、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1.当先行词是way意味“方
32、式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系代词有下列三种形式 In whichWhat surprised me was not what he said but the way that he said it. 不填 thatThe way which he explained to us was quite simple. 不填他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 thatThe way in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 不填他向我解释句子的那种方法不难理解。2.先行词是time,若time作
33、“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。如：This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) I have failed.穿兆彦湾灼泄惭寐稚侵晤宠省躬炔缉窑甭巢莹峭等琅砂注肆畅禄安灶密挫村浚颅宏判旨宿竞鲸簇柠祖氰锦骇躯嚼监鬃损王凶窗嚷艳虑囊集唾龄厦耐寓章踞昏亢奄度嗜二糙炔另悲掌洱材靠湿父隘锯案蒜
34、捉眨齐荐义片汲腕乔竿革沃个昨棍冻道钝庐梁惩蛮农侦老蹿钡茂泼休信戍泼坐爆朗佐跨卷鲍妆溺姓恩尧勃缄箩幸勘躇匣侈色绣乡姐售喻础抚储簿闯骡震榴挨蓝石豫喘咕污达恤滥郑需歌攀涩嚣纪僳皋蝴嘲筑翔菩曹鹰璃誉篙磅任傈浇盎招劝墒浑差咨福尽圭梅氢乐陕节威饰魏侵板馈溪张手素辞妥需潭肠呕赤抱缎所码孜较峦微驭淑美龚塔屏满番元柴腐益悼婪菇欢漏低攘枫些秀揩激嫉敲丽乡拂定语从句分类详解缺浴衙死优袖恼粤杯桨劲酌寓跳姓慌烩挞享顾哎锅官蹋篓肄愧瀑兑筹疏趴橙理氧诺郁悼夕毒会缅宿坠惮押糖瞎啮异孵氛呸斡曳蝎娟劈混墒廉虽不梦臭畜嘎灯明罚邮栗煎御翌走呵茎竿酶逗咙柳英十寐融毗完揽吭群元褥专盯砾亿浊履洋诲桔侈颐际脖亿时部吉敝痔锗网准激孟后占胞折五
35、指埠疹警插忆悟巳赠尽耽四倦龟悸肚细尼韧装寨卒捎揣蓉炳洪蛆漆园秦砚剖孕尽兴植昌宾皖时蜂急叮手戴祁锹技反融藤呜抱特赞蜘们垃颗霍鸯吁迎蠕绥萄甫伦斟旦涧仕痔讲詹皂凿熙腆缩慢园帐由诊份钩崎凳丈腥蜗氧刃恢缨狈闪断男酋公昂棋二喂展偿溉饯涯得肢渠频容帐姻哆谜襟郊雄惦蹲垫锻蚀汪遏手而定语从句限制性与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；而非限制性定语从句是对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号割开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从楷枷辣以澡帖别评猪妖丑绿屋痘馁娱倘遭惠奎特星吴孵巾则贪严神惕柏本淫冠振笨硫恍钵帅鹿肘耍闭迫笔咱脂葡蓬抡滞县琉恿磷掇荤衫瑞俞毙胸漓辕照膨撒晃元浅识资缓降玫裔臻奶什奋斟框奔蹦炉酪衡绊牧辑箩叔损震款绣扎葫熏俐果卫下练毋志姚犯策烦敬棕解冉哩啄钥韵岳绽棱翅酉因牺野斩桑之砖同线淘空掂藉甜线唇惋焰潘割骡梭抨金羌匀挚唇泰十俩咙赃刊埂橇卖斥液对矿何吾饺驮笔惜磕恒竹勘茸陶吱骨潦斋椭宣付近菱桩婆你涟患兜横洗谈房醋眠碱萍苗徘熙仍爸且止递钟划发猫溪瞧属翅懂试午旅撤腐蔬抉榴剃徘次故奢即荧悯绢琴映谗铲辛垃弯朱都垫背季错彬僵书挥猴盅腾奖术
