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1、必修一Unit 1ANNES BEST FRIENDDo you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne li
2、ved in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would War.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I dont want to
3、 set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.Thursday 15th June 1944Dear Kitty,I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors
4、 for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. Thats changed since I was here.For example, one evening when it was so warm, I st
5、ayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didnt go downstairs until the window had t
6、o be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face.SadlyI am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. its no pleasure looking
7、through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.Your,AnneFriday, 10 July 1942When we arrived at Prinsengracht, we went quickly upstairs and the hiding place. We closed the door behind us and we were alone. Margot had come faster on her bicycle and already waiting
8、 for us. All the rooms were full of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The little room was filled with bedclothes. We had to start clearing up at once, if we wished to sleep in comfortable beds that night. Mummy and Margot were not able to help. They were tired and lay down on their beds. Bu
9、t Daddy and I, the two “helper” of the family, started at once. The whole day we unpacked the boxes, filled the cupboards and tidied, until we were extremely tired. We did sleep in clean beds that night. We hadnt had any warm food to eat all day, but we didnt care. Mummy and Margot were too tired an
10、d worried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy.FRIENDSHIP IN HAWAIIEvery culture has its own ways to show friendship. On the islands of Hawaii, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”. In the language of the Hawaiians who first settled the islands long ago, aloha had a very special meaning. That i
11、s “to be with happiness”. Hawaiians believe that once somebody loves the land, they are ready to love their people or community. This is the second most import sign of friendship. It is called lokahi in Hawaiian language, which means “oneness with all people”. To enjoy the land you should not be sel
12、fish. The land is for everyone who lives on it. Today many different people call Hawaii their home. Indeed, Hawaii is a place where people make one big community from many smaller communities. Each person gives kokua (help) to other people so that all fell stronger. Its believed that the islands can
13、 be a paradise when the people live in peace. People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea. When problems happen, people are asked to solve them with understanding. So when people of Hawaii talk about ohana (family), they are really talking about all tho
14、se who live on the islands. Living in peace, Hawaiians have developed a third sign of friendship. This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friends neck. Then the friend is given a kiss on cheek. Visitors to the islands are also give
15、n lies. When they hear aloha, visitors begin to feel at home. Aloha also means “goodbye”, so visitors will hear it again when they leave. It can also mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how most visitors will remember their new friendship.Unit 2THE ROAD TO MODERN ENGLISHAt the end of
16、 the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English begin to be spoken in many other countries. Today, more people speak
17、English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English. Look at this kind of example: British Betty: Would you like to see my flat? American Amy: Yes. Id like to come up to your apartme
18、nt. So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we sp
19、eak at present. Then gradually between about AD800 to 1150, English became less like germen because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider
20、 vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to American. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelli
21、ng happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a ver
22、y large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. during that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning Engli
23、sh in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTSWhat is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Beli
24、eve it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear diff
25、erences in the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighb
26、ouring towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world. Geography also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved
27、from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they
28、still recognize and understand each others dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell wo
29、rd in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more difficult. So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men
30、did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray. These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world
31、is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. Twenty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left h
32、is village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teacher. After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heav
33、y coat and put his feet太阳能自动定向跟踪节能装置（节能试太阳能路灯）产 业 化 项 目可 行 性 研 究 报 告项目单位 ：辽宁百通药业股份有限公司 项目负责人：刘国志 联 系 人 ：赵丽梅联系电话 ：029-2191071 13897801479一、项目内容1.1、项目工作范围太阳能自动定向跟踪节能装置主要内容是将光电检测技术、光电定位自动跟踪技术和机电控制技术相结合，采用四象限光电自动跟踪方式，实现太阳能采集系统的低能耗精确定向跟踪，达到节能目的。同时采用单电机多维控制技术，实现由一台电机控制完成垂直和水平两个自由度跟踪运动，可降低跟踪系统能耗和成本。并且利用传感检
34、测技术、自动控制技术和电源逆变技术，实现充电进程控制、放电进程控制、跟踪过程的控制，为完成太阳能12伏直流电压到220伏正弦交流电压的转换及太阳能供电系统与市电的并网做前期准备，从而实现利用太阳能供电系统对常用电器供电和长期阴天下雨无阳光时不间断供电。太阳能路灯系统有负载部分（也就是说的光源，一般用的是led的光源），太阳能电池板（发电部分），蓄电池（储电部分），控制器（控制器电路的部分），灯杆，和附件。其中负载部分、太阳能电池、蓄电池、灯杆及附件都是很成熟技术及市场，完全由市场优中选优供给，不单独制造。本项目重点依托自己专有核心技术自动跟踪及控制电路生产各种型号路灯、草坪灯等。1.2、目的及
35、意义：太阳能接收设备以位置固定方式接收太阳光的这种接收方式，接收设备只在中午与太阳光保持垂直，太阳能接收效率低下。如果让接收设备全天与太阳光始终保持垂直，理论计算表明：定向跟踪的使用与常规的非定向跟踪装置相比，可使太阳能采集效率提高25%以上。目前太阳能产业技术竞争的焦点主要是接收效率之争。可见提高太阳能接收效率对整个行业重要程度。太阳能作为未来清洁、高效、永不衰竭的绿色能源之一，是解决环境污染与能源问题的最佳途径之一。太阳能技术近年应用越来越广泛，太阳能产业已经成为新能源市场中成长速度最快的领域。二、国内外市场情况我国是一个能源生产和消费大国。2006 年一次能源消费总量为24.6 亿吨标煤
36、，比2005 年增长9.3%。一次能源品种的消费构成比例为：煤炭占69.7%、石油占20.3%、天然气占3.0%、水电占6.0%，核电 0.8%，其他0.2。煤炭在我国能源结构中比例超过2/3，而比较清洁的化石燃料（如石油和天然气）比例较小，与世界能源结构形成鲜明对照。这种情况给我国能源需求和发展带来很大压力。2008年中国能源消费总量28.5亿吨标准煤，比上年增长4.0%。2008年中国煤炭消费量27.4亿吨，增长3.0%；原油消费量3.6亿吨，增长5.1%；天然气消费量807亿立方米，增长10.1%；2006 年，中国的原油进口达到1.5 亿吨，约占中国原油总需求量的45；2008年中国石
37、油产品进口大幅增长，国内石油消费对外依存度达到49.8，比上年提高1.4个百分点。近年来，我国石油消费年平均增长率高达6.8。面对不断增长的需求，我国石油对外依存度不断攀升，所面临的石油风险也越来越大。中国天然气的进口量也在逐年增加。我国能源结构亟待改善，但任务非常艰巨。我国有丰富的太阳能资源，为大力发展太阳能太阳能发电提供了有利条件,为从战略上彻底改善能源结构和能源的可持续发展提供了有利条件。2006年，我国太阳能电池产量370MW，产能1200MW，同比增长180%；2007年产量达1200MW，占世界总产量的30%，产能达3000MW欧洲光伏产业协会(EPIA)发布的数据显示：2008年
38、全球太阳能电池产量达6.85GW，增速近100%，而2007年的产量为3.44GW。他们估计，2009年因大环境影响，太阳能行业增速将大大下降，但仍将保持约10%增长的增速，也就是2009年太阳能电池产量将达到约7.5GW，2009年太阳能电池产量将长56%。 中国太阳能网2009年08月13日报告预测，电池制造能力今年将达到170亿千瓦，到2013年将超过420亿千瓦，增长率为49%。当电力、煤炭、石油等不可再生能源频频告急，能源问题日益成为制约国际社会经济发展的瓶颈时，越来越多的国家开始实行“阳光计划”，开发太阳能资源，寻求经济发展的新动力。太阳能作为一种可再生的新能源，越来越引起人们的关
39、注。中国蕴藏着丰富的太阳能资源，太阳能利用前景广阔。中国光伏发电产业于20世纪70年代起步，经过30多年的努力，已迎来了快速发展的新阶段。在“光明工程”先导项目和“送电到乡”工程等国家项目及世界光伏市场的有力拉动下，我国光伏发电产业迅猛发展。到2007年年底，全国光伏系统的累计装机容量达到10万千瓦，2008年太阳能电池的产量达到了200万千瓦。2008下半年以来，金融风暴危及到中国，让光伏企业深受影响：订单减少，多晶硅价格下降。这次金融危机的影响是深远的，但太阳能以其独特的优势，决定了它的发展趋势并没有也不可能改变。2009年国家出台的政策将推动国内太阳能发电市场发展，在我国政府强有力的政策
40、引导下，光伏产业不仅让国内企业看到了机遇，而且已经吸引了世界的目光。国务院总理温家宝于2009年11月25日主持召开国务院常务会议，研究部署应对气候变化工作，决定到2020年中国控制温室气体排放的行动目标，并提出相应的政策措施和行动。会议决定，到2020年中国单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%45%。中国科学院党组已正式批准启动实施太阳能行动计划，该计划以2050年前后太阳能作为重要能源为远景目标，并确定了2015年分布式利用、2025年替代利用、2035年规模利用三个阶段目标，太阳能产业在中国市场发展前景广阔。 太阳能生产厂家目前有很多家，目前都集中在此产业上游产品太阳能电池
41、上，目前国内基本饱和，但是下游具体应用领域在国内才刚刚开始。虽然太阳能发电、太阳能热水器、太阳能路灯等开始应用，但是面对中国巨大发展市场，就像房地产市场一样，绝不是几十家生产单位就能垄断的，会给此行业新兴企业带来巨大发展空间。三、技术可行性本项目技术采用北京印刷学院张博士专利技术，一次性全部买断形式实施。其专利具体情况如下：3.1、技术路线： 是将光电检测技术、光电定位跟踪技术、和机电控制技术相结合，采用分区跟踪方式，实现太阳能采集系统的低能耗定向跟踪。同时采用单电机多维控制技术，实现由一台电机控制完成垂直和水平两个自由度跟踪运动，可降低跟踪系统能耗和成本。并且利用传感检测技术、自动控制技术和
42、电源逆变技术，实现充电进程控制、放电进程控制、跟踪过程的控制，为完成太阳能12伏直流电压到220伏正弦交流电压的转换及太阳能供电系统与市电的并网，从而实现利用太阳能供电系统对常用电器供电和长期阴天下雨无阳光时的不间断供电做准备工作。3.2、技术方案：图 1. 定向跟踪控制系统的控制系统结构如图1本课题解决其控制机构技术问题所采用的技术方案是：用一对互成一定角度的硅光电池将太阳光转变为与光强成正比的两路电信号，两个硅光电池中与太阳光夹角较小的一个，产生的电信号较强，与太阳光夹角较大的一个，产生的电信号较弱，当两个硅光电池与太阳光夹角相同时，产生的电信号相等。两路电信号被送到比较放大器进行放大，在
43、比较放大器的输出端产生一个与两路电信号的差值成正比的电信号。比较放大器的输出端电信号被送到一个双值比较器，该双值比较器用来判断两路电信号谁大谁小，从而决定电机的转向，并通过电机决定太阳能电池板的转动方向。双值比较器的输出端电信号被送到定时器和驱动器，该定时器和驱动器通过对双值比较器的输入电信号进行判断，输出一个正或负电信号，并通过定时器控制该正或负电信号的输出时间长短，从而控制电机正转或是反转和转动时间。图 2. 定向跟踪控制系统的机械结构如图2本课题解决其机械机构技术问题所采用的技术方案是：在强度很好的箱体内，安装了一台电机、两个直齿轮、一个蜗杆、一个蜗轮。蜗轮中心和一个主轴相连，主轴伸出箱
44、体并通过一个转轴与太阳能电池板中心相连。在箱体外固定一个和主轴同心的圆形管，圆形管下端与箱体固定，上端切割成两个对称圆弧。在主轴上套一个圆环，圆环上对称的固定两个圆柱且两圆柱平滑的与圆形管上端的圆弧相接。太阳能电池板的下端两边对称位置上分别通过一个转轴与两个支杆相连，两支杆的另一端分别通过一个转轴与圆环相连，在两支杆的限位作用下该圆环只可沿主轴上下滑动。当电机转动时，通过两个直齿轮带动蜗杆转动并通过蜗杆带动蜗轮转动，蜗轮带动主轴并通过主轴带动太阳能电池板完成水平转动。同时，主轴的转动也带动圆环并通过圆环带动两圆柱沿圆形管上端的圆弧运动，从而使圆环沿主轴上下滑动。圆环沿主轴的上下滑动带动支杆并通
45、过支杆带动太阳能电池板沿太阳能电池板的中心完成竖直方向的转动。该结构的有益效果是，可由一台电机完成两个自由度的运动，且由蜗杆、蜗轮传动的单向性和不可逆性可实现良好的抗风性能。成本低，结构简单、可靠。3.3、技术指标：由一台电机控制完成垂直和水平两个自由度跟踪运动，根据理论计算可使跟踪精度保持在5度以内。 跟踪系统全天能耗根据理论计算可保持在1瓦以内。让接收设备全天与太阳光保持垂直和以位置固定方式接收太阳光的两种接收方式相比，根据理论计算可使太阳能接收效率提高20%-25%以上。3.4、技术创新点：3.4.1将光电检测技术、光电定位跟踪技术和机电控制技术相结合，采用四象限光电跟踪方式，实现太阳能
46、采集系统的低能耗精确定向跟踪。理论上可使太阳能采集效率提高25%-30%。 3.4.2采用单电机多维控制技术，实现一台电机控制跟踪系统完成垂直转动和水平转动两个自由度运动。可降低跟踪系统能耗和成本。3.4.3利用传感检测技术和自动控制技术，实现充电进程控制、放电进程控制、跟踪过程的控制。四、本项目实施方案 4.1技术买断 本项目核心技术为北京印刷学院张博士独家拥有专利，采取一次买断合作实现产业化形式。4.2技术消化对此专利技术进行全面熟悉，并对产品制造市场进行全面了解。4.3制造样机此专利已有样机，但外形、美观、多型号等还需进一步开发，进一步熟悉此市场情况，百通公司将为全面投放市场做准备。4.
47、4批量生产，投放市场此项目核心部分为自动跟踪和电路控制，此部分为独立生产，其他全部采用市场供应。此核心部分可以直接投放市场，也可生产太阳能路灯，采取两步走方案。4.5资金该项目总投资500万，自筹资金450万，申请资助50万。 4.6产业化实施后可实现：年销售收入5000，利润500万，年缴税500万。五.结论此项目非常符合国家产业政策，具有广阔发展前景。虽然国内已有多家生产太阳能路灯等厂家，但面对国内庞大市场，不是几十家生产单位就能垄断的，会像房地产开发公司一样在相当长时间活跃在市场上。产业化实现后，利用专利技术加大市场开发力度，将迅速进入太阳能路灯、交通灯、小区照明灯等市场很大领域，加强技
48、术创新力度，将可能成为产值几个亿国内大型企业行列。 辽宁百通药业股份公司2010年3月10日必修一Unit 1ANNES BEST FRIENDDo you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the fi
49、rst kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would War.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She s
