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1、Lesson 1 two cups of coffee and two desserts.Henry: (looking at the clock on the wall) Would you mind waiting just a few minutes?Waiter: (in a rude manner) What s there to wait for?Owner: All right, Horace. Ill take care of this.Henry: (to owner) That was a wonderful meal. Its amazing how much pleas
2、ure you get out of the simple thins in life, especially you cant have them for a while.Owner: Yes, very interesing. Now perhaps, sir, if you pay you bill I can help the other customers.Henry: (looking at the clock on the wall again) Well, I see its two oclock.( he opens the envelope and holds a mill
3、ion pound bank Norelco in his hands Henry is very surprised but the owner and waiter are shocked) Im sorry. ButII dont have anything smaller.Owner: (still shocked and nervous) Wellerjust on moment. Maggie, look! ( the hostess screams, the other customers look at her and she puts a hand to her mouth)
4、 Do you thin its genuine?Hostess: Oh, dear, I dont know. I simply dont know .Owner : Well, I did hear that the Bank of England had issued two notes in this amount Anyway, I dont think it can be a fake. People would pay too nuch attention to a bank note of this amount. No thief would want that to hap
5、pen.Hostess: But hes in rags!Owner: Perhaps hes a very strange, rich man. ( as if he has discovered something for the first time) Why,yes! That must be it!Hostess: (hits her husbands arm) And you put him in the back of the restaurant! Go an see him at one.Owner: ( to Henry) Im sorry, sir, so sorry,
6、but I cannot change this bank note.Henry: But its all I have on me.Owner: Oh, please, dont worry, sir. Doesnt matter at all. Were so very glad that you even entered our little eating place. Indeed, sir, I hope youll come here whenever you like.Henry: Well, thats very knd of you.Owner: Kind, sir? No,
7、 its kind of you. You must come whenever you want and have whatever you like. Just having you sit here is a great honour! As for the bill, sir, please forget it.Henry: Forget it? Well thank you very much. Thats very nice of you.Owner: Oh, its for US to thank you, sir and I do, sir, from the bottom o
8、f my heart. (the owner, hostess and waiter all bow as Henry leaves)Act , Scene 4Narrator: at the end of the month, Henry was very rich and didnt fear jail. Dressed in the finest clothes, he drove by the brothers house in Portland Place and, seeing they were back, went to get Portia at her friennds h
9、ome.Henry: My dear, the way you look today, it would be a crime not to ask for a good salary for the job theyll give to me.Portia: Oh, please remember that if we ask for too much we may get no salary at all; and then whatll happen to us, with no way in the world to earn a living?( At the brothers ho
10、me, the servant lets them in. the two brothers are seated,waiting.)Henry: Good morning,gentlemen .( Rodrick seems very surprised to see Portia) Portia, these are the men who helped me.Portia: So vary nice to meet you, kind sirs. ( She gives Oliver a wink with one eye.)Roderick: ErPortia, I Oliver: W
11、ere both glad to hear it, for now we can decide the bet which Roderick and I made. If youve won for me, you shall have any job as my gift. Have you got the million pound bank note?Henry: Here it is, sir.Oliver: Ive won! Now what do you say, Roderick?Roderick: I say that Ive lost twenty thousand poun
12、ds. I never would have believed it. Why, that is amazing, man!Henry: Come, lets be going now, Portia.Oliver: But wait, wait! The job, you know. I must give you a job, as I promised.Henry: Well, thank you very much, but I really dont want one now.Portia: Henry, Im disappointed in you. You didnt thank
13、 the gentlemen properly. May I do it for you?Henry: Let me see you try.(Portia walks over to Roderick and gives him a hug. Then she sits in Olivers lap, puts her arms around his nevk and kisses him on the cheek. Oliver begins laughing.)Portia: Papa,he says he doesnt want anything else from you.Henry
14、: (shocked) My dear, is that your papa?Portia: Hes my step father, and the dearest one that ever was.Henry: Oh, my dearest dear sir, I regret what I said. You have got a job open that I want.Oliver: Name it.Henry: Son-in-law.Oliver: Well, well,well! But youve never had such a job before. How can it
15、be sure you can do it successfully?Henry: Try me oh,do, I beg of you! Give me 30 or 40 years , and Oliver: Oh, well, all right.Narrator: Are Portia and Henry happy? There are not enough word in the biggest dictionary to describe it. Did the people of London have a good time with this bit of news? Ye
16、s. Portias stepfather took that bank note back to the Bank of England and cashed it. The bank note was then useless for money but was his wedding gift to the young couple. Yes, the bank note was worth millions of dollars, but not worth on tenthe as much as how Henry felt about Portia .Unit 4How life
17、 began on the earthNo one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “ Big Bang “ that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combing to create stars and other bodies.For severa
18、l billion years after the “ Big Bang “, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earthenware became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It
19、exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen , water vapour and other gases , which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more imprtant is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.Water had also appeared on other planets like
20、 Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued persence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This
21、 produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and
22、 all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced youn
23、g generally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance
24、 made possible thief rise of mammals on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they Gavin birth to young baby animals and prodeced milk to feed them.Finnally about 2.6 million years ago some small celver animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread
25、all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they no they looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevenrs heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many
26、 scientists believe the earth may bcome too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.A visit to the moonLast month I was lucky engough to have粮食主产区、基本农田保护区安徽省*市*区*镇土地整理项目可行性研究报告1综合说明1.1项目名称安徽省*市*区XX镇土地整
27、理项目1.2项目类型土地整理1.3项目性质重点项目1.4项目建设规模项目建设规模为N公顷。1.5项目区的位置和范围项目区位于安徽省*市*区XX镇北部的X村，XX村两个行政村范围内，其四至为东临N村到NN村主要道路、西接NN河、南抵NN沟、北靠N河，介于北纬334930至335043、东经1171115至1171516之间。1.6项目所在地区地貌类型和项目区的地貌类型项目区位于安徽省淮北平原东北部，为历史上黄泛区的淤积平原。项目区平面为四边形，东西长2350m，南北长2250m，整个地势较为平坦，但西部地面高程稍高于东部0.5m左右，项目区内地面高程在25.0m左右。1.7项目区土地权属状况项目
28、区土地为X村、XX村两个村集体所有，土地权属界线清楚，面积准确。集体所有权已在1997年进行了所有权登记发证，土地承包权已于1997年发包到户。1.8项目区新增耕地面积、新增耕地比例项目区经规划整理后新增耕地面积为N公顷，新增耕地率为N%。1.9项目区主要建设内容项目区主要建设内容有土地平整，农田水利，道路交通和林网建设等四个方面。土地平整-通过对项目区土地利用进行规划，对零星地类，废弃的坑塘，沟渠，断头路及零星未利用地进行整理使其变为耕地，使土地利用结构趋于合理。现有耕地的平整，可提高农业灌溉效率，实现节约用水，提高农作物产量。为此需平整土地面积N公顷，完成土方工程N万m3 。农田水利-农田
29、水利工程完善是确保项目区粮食稳产丰收的基础，因此必须加强农业基础设施的建设，提高抗御自然灾害（旱与涝）的能力。为解决灌溉水源，拟对项目区地下水资源进行科学合理的开发利用，根据项目区供需水量要求计算结果，共需要72眼井，除对现有15眼机井进行改造配套利用外，计划新挖机井57眼；为解决排涝问题，提高除涝能力，需要在项目区建立通畅的排水系统工程，使项目区内各田块的积水通过排水系统排入团结沟，最后汇入方河河道。为了加强项目区的农业基础设施建设，满足规划后农业用电需求，需对项目区现有的电网进行扩建增容。道路交通与林网工程-项目区现有的田间路网布局不尽合理，质量较差，如路网未联通，断头路较多，路面结构为土
30、质，雨后泥泞，给农民的生产生活带来不便。因此本着尽量利用和改造现有道路，节约占地的原则，按照规范标准修建田间道路，满足农民的生产生活的需要。同时要配套完善项目区林网工程的建设。1.10项目区整理前后耕地质量变化情况项目区在整理前，耕地质量按照高产田和中低产田所占面积的百分比来讲，高产田占总面积的10%左右，通过项目实施后，高产田面积将增加到总面积的40%以上，原有低产田全部改造为中高产田。项目区将由一个“易旱、易涝、低产”的局面，变为旱涝保收、稳产高产的粮食生产基地。1.11项目区建设目标项目区经过土地整理后，将达到以下目标：（1）提高项目区的土地利用率。经过土地整理后项目区新增耕地面积N公顷
31、，新增耕地率N%，项目区耕地质量得到明显的提高。（2）改善项目区的生态环境。田块规整、路网相通、林木成行、水利设施配套，田间道路通畅、水资源合理利用能力大大提高。（3）改善了群众生产条件和生活环境，农民收入稳步增长，为新农村各项建设奠定一定的物质基础。1.12项目区建设工期项目区建设期为1年。1.13项目估算投资项目总投资N万元，亩均投资N元。2项目背景2.1项目所在区简况2.1.1地理位置*区地处北纬3317-3405、东经11605-11726之间，位于淮北平原的东北部，北靠徐州市，西邻淮北市，南毗蚌埠市，东接灵璧县。2.1.2自然条件*区地形地貌以平原为主，占*区土地总面积的80.27%
32、。该区西北部与东北部有低山残丘分布，残丘占19.73%。土壤种类较多，但以普通砂姜黑土和黄潮土为主。气候属暖温带半湿润季风气候区，实际日照时数在2200-2500小时之间，常年气温平均14.4，多年平均降雨量887.1毫米，全年0活动积温为5283.9。因此，光、热、水、气等气候条件可基本满足农作物一年两熟的需要。生物资源、矿产资源都比较丰富。2.1.3社会经济条件据统计，2003年底*区实有耕地N公顷，全区总人口N万人，其中农业人口N万人，人均耕地面积N亩。年全区GDP为N亿元，其中第一产业占N%，第二产业占N%，第三产业占N%，年粮食总产量为N万吨，油料为N万吨，棉花为N吨。近年来在国家惠
33、农政策贯彻下，粮油棉产量已呈上升趋势。2.1.4 土地利用情况全区土地总面积为N公顷，其中农用地面积占全区总面积的N%（耕地面积占全区总面积的N%），居民点、工矿用地及交通用地占全区总面积的N%，水域面积占全区总面积的N%，未利用地占全区总面积的N%。2.2项目提出的缘由该项目区从土地资源节约利用，基础设施需要建设，生态环境需要改善，新农村建设要起步等方面均要求提出这个项目。（1）要提高土地利用率，增加有效耕地面积，提高耕地质量从项目区现状可以明显地看出项目区内有大量废弃的坑塘及未利用地，通过整理后将增加有效耕地面积N公顷，新增耕地率为N%。耕地是农业生产的基础，基本农田是耕地的重要部分，是耕
34、地中的精华。因此，增加耕地面积，改善农业生产条件，提高耕地质量是一项关系到项目区未来人口增长和农业发展的大事（2）要增加农田基础设施建设，完善农田配套工程，改善项目区农业生产条件作为国家的粮食主产区和基本农田保护区，就必然要求项目区具有良好的耕作环境和农业生产的配套措施，但从目前来看，项目区农田基础设施仍较为脆弱，与抗御普通的自然灾害，确保农田稳产高产仍有较大的差距。迫切需要加强基础设施建设，完善农田配套工程，改善农业生产条件。（3）从配合贯彻新农村建设的主要内容和要求来说，也迫切需要提出这个项目要调整目前的农业生产结构，改变土地利用方式，改善生态环境包括人居环境，促进农业增收和农业经济发展，
35、土地整理项目的落实是配合和贯彻新农村建设当中的一项极其重要的工作。如上所述，从我国“人口、资源、环境、发展”未来所面临的矛盾与挑战，提出与落实土地整理项目，是落实耕地总量动态平衡战略决策的重要举措。2.3可行性研究报告编制依据2.3.1法律法规1.中华人民共和国土地管理法2.中华人民共和国土地管理法实施条例3.基本农田保护条例4.中华人民共和国农业法5.中华人民共和国森林法6.中华人民共和国水土保持法7.中华人民共和国环境保护法8.安徽省实施中华人民共和国土地管理法办法；2.3.2相关政策1.国土资源部关于进一步加强土地开发整理管理工作的通知国土资发1998166号；2.关于切实做好耕地占补平
36、衡工作的通知国土资发199939号；3.新增建设用地土地有偿使用费收缴使用管理办法；4.土地开发整理项目资金管理办法等。2.3.3相关规划1.*区土地利用总体规划（19962010年）；2.*区基本农田保护区规划（19962010年）；3.XX镇土地利用总体规划（19962010年）；4.XX镇基本农田保护区规划（19962010年）；2.3.3技术标准1.土地开发整理规划编制规程（TD/T10112000）2.土地开发整理项目规划设计规范（TD/T10122000）3.土地开发整理项目验收规程（TD/T10132000）4.国家投资土地开发整理项目预算定额标准5.地形图图式（GBT79291
37、995）；6.水土保持综合治理、技术规范、小型蓄排水工程（GBT16453.41996）7.灌溉与排水工程设计规范（GB502881999）；8.渠道防渗工程技术规范（SL731995）。2.3.4相关基础资料1.*区土地资源调查报告（2005年）；2.*区农用地分等定级报告（2005）；3.*区社会经济发展“十一五规划”和2010年远景目标纲要；4.*区统计年鉴（2003年）；5.*区农业发展规划；6.*区水利综合规划（19962001年）；7.N县土壤（1982年）；8.项目区1：10000土地利用现状更新调查图（2005年10月）；9.项目区1：10000地形图。3项目区概况3.1自然条
38、件3.1.1地形地貌项目区处于*区XX镇的东北部，为历史上黄泛区的淤积平原，区内地势平坦。高程在24.5-25.5米之间，总体上西高东低，向东倾斜。北部有跨省河流X河及支流方河侧身流过；南部近20km处有东西向豫（东）皖排水骨干河道即X河和XX河。 3.1.2气候项目区气候属暖温带半湿润半干旱气候区，季风气候明显，四季分明，气候温和，雨热同季，雨量适中；根据19512000年降雨资料分析计算，项目区多年平均降雨量877.1mm；本区光热资源较丰富。实际日照时数为2500h左右，日平均气温0的太阳辐射达123-127千卡/cm2。多年平均温度14.3，无霜期210天左右，全年日平均气温稳定通过0
39、为312d，积温5283。全年日平均气温稳定通过10为217天，积温4690。光热资源适宜多种农作物和林木生长。3.1.3土壤由于项目区历史上受黄（河）泛的影响，土壤种类以淤土，两合土、沙土为主，占总土地土壤分布面积的90%以上，土壤种类的质量为*区分布中最好的区域之一。耕作层20cm左右，耕层含有机质14.2g/kg，全氮0.80g/kg、速效磷11.2mg/kg、速效钾175mg/kg，pH78。3.1.4水文地质通过实地调查，项目区地下含水层为全新统潜水层，属古河床边缘中等富水区。含水层24层，总厚度1225m。水质良好，适宜农田灌溉。地下水的补给主要来源于降雨入渗（降雨入渗补给系数a=
40、0.250.27）及地表水体（河、沟）、灌溉回归水补给量。地下水储量除消耗于潜水蒸发和农田灌溉外，其余仍储存在地下。3.1.5工程地质经调查得知，该地区的地基承载力为1.8105pa，一般天然地基，可建设各类水工构筑物。据国家地震局、建设部1992年发布的中国地震烈度区划图和使用规定的通知，*区地震基本烈度属度区。3.1.6天然建筑材料项目区工程建设所需要的石料从XX，XX两镇通过公路运来，运距为Nkm，黄砂从XX县运来，运距为Nkm。3.2自然资源条件3.2.1光热资源项目区光热资源比较丰富，实际日照时数年平均为2500h左右，日平均气温0期间内的太阳辐射达123127千卡/cm3。可满足小
41、麦光能需要生产潜力亩产可达到840kg左右。项目区年平均气温14.3，多年平均无霜期210天，全年0活动积温为5283左右、持续日数312天，全年10活动积温为4690左右，持续日数217天。本区热量资源可满足农作物一年二熟3.2.2水资源项目区水资源由地表水和地下水资源组成。地表水资源除项目区内可利用的水资源外，还有项目区南侧的团结沟拦蓄水资源，该沟水资源未被污染。虽方河紧靠项目区北侧，河道来水面积有560km2，河道出口又建有水闸，可以拦蓄河道来水，但由于该河上游水源被污染，影响到方河下游水源不能作为农田灌溉用水。故项目区可供利用的水资源侧重从项目区内地表水、团结沟拦蓄水量和地下水资源进行
42、重点分析。a）地表水资源项目区多年平均降雨量877.1mm。地表径流深为280mm，按项目区内包括村庄占地总面积近5km2（500公顷）计算，多年平均地表水总量为140万m3，按年径流利用系数0.35计，年均可利用径流量为49万m3。按*区一般干旱年降雨频率为75%时降雨量为705mm，径流深为206mm，项目区地表水总量为103万m3，其中可利用的径流量为36万m3。这里所指的可利用的径流量还要靠项目区内规划后的坑塘和排水斗沟拦蓄后才能作为项目区的可供水量27.41万m3。（详见后面4.4.1章节分析计算）。团结沟流向为自西向东从项目区南侧经过，根据团结沟的排水面积，团结沟的长度和排水断面，
43、计算团结沟在一般干旱年所能拦蓄的水量为40万m3，其中仅能供给项目区的水量为10万m3，其余30万m3供项目区外农业用水。通过以上分析计算，在灌溉保证率为75%的年份，靠项目区内的坑塘、排水斗沟和团结沟拦蓄以后可供利用的地表水总量为37.41万m3。b）地下水资源根据安徽省水文地质勘查报告和安徽省水利厅与淮委水利科学研究院共同编制的安徽省淮北地区地下水资源开发利用规划报告，以及*区水利局提供的地下水资源情况，对项目区地下水资源状况分述如下：项目区地下含水层为全新统潜水层，属古河床中等富水区，含水层2-4层，总厚度12-16m，水位埋深2.5-3.0m，单井出水量可达35m3/h。经监测水质化验
44、，项目区内地下水水质良好，属低矿化度的淡水,矿化度小于1g/L，盐度小于10mg/L，碱度小于4mg/L，适宜于农田灌溉用水。根据项目区临近周边世行农业水利项目，在干旱年灌溉保证率为75%时，浅层地下水可开采量为24.0万m3/km2。本项目区含村庄面积约5km2，共可开采120万m3。因地下水补给靠大气降雨，地表水体和灌溉回归水，消耗于灌溉抽水和潜层蒸发，其储量属多年调节。地下水每年调蓄次数按两次计算，则潜层地下水资源为240万m3，按调蓄次数1.5次则为180万m3。通过以上地表水和地下水分析，项目区在灌溉保证率为75%时，地表水可供利用水资源总量为37.41万m3，地下水可供利用的水资源
45、总量为180万m3，（取调蓄次数为1.5）两项合计为217.41m3。3.2.3生物资源该区农作物种类主要是小麦、大豆、玉米、棉花，粮食作物以小麦为主；林木覆盖以杨树为主，树种较为单一；牲畜、家禽主要是猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭、鹅等。3.3社会经济状况据统计，项目区总人口N人，其中劳动力N人。目前农户主要从事农业生产和外出经商打工，2005年项目区农业人均纯收入为N元，具体社会经济情况见表3.3-1：社会经济情况统计表表3.3-1名称总人口（人）劳动力（人）耕地面积（公顷）人均耕地面积（公顷）人均年收入（元）XXX40219864.320.161900XX32217054.740.171900XX5
46、8430093.440.161900XX33517053.600.161900XXX48026091.200.191900合计21231098357.143.4自然灾害项目区主要自然灾害为水旱灾害，另外低温连阴雨也是本地主要灾害性天气之一。项目区降雨量年内分布不均，且水利基础设施薄弱，排水沟系紊乱，桥涵不配套且年久失修，灌溉设施毁坏严重，一定程度上影响了抵御自然灾害的能力，故旱涝灾害频繁发生，交替出现，常在一年内既有涝灾又有旱灾。在近20年间，涝灾11次，旱灾7次；另外低温连阴雨也是本地主要灾害性天气之一。3.5土地利用现状3.5.1土地利用结构项目区含村庄等总面积B公顷，总建设规模B公顷，不
47、动工面积为B公顷。耕地面积B公顷，占项目区总面积的B%，占总建设规模的B%。从表3.5-1可以看出两点：农用地中各类用地比例不尽合理；未利用地仍占有相当的面积。项目区土地利用现状结构详见表3.5-1 土地利用现状结构表表3.5-1类别现状面积(公顷)占建设规模(%)项目区建设规模NN农用地NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN小计NN建筑用地NNNN小计NN未利用地NNNN小计NN3.5.2土地利用程度项目区的土地利用程度为：土地垦殖率=耕地面积/项目区土地总面积=N/N100%=77.78%，土地利用率=已利用土地面积/项目区土地总面积=N/N100%=98.50%，耕地复种指数180%。3.5.3耕地质量现状由前面的1.10和3.1.3章节所阐述内容来讲，项目区的高产田约
