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1、2 Sound system:Phonetics&Phonology,Teaching Objective,Critical ThinkingPresent and Solve ProblemsUnderstand MacroscopicallySound systemUnderstand Microscopically,Question Time!,Puzzling Question!,Interesting Question!,Serious question!,All Questions Are Welcome,Amazing Question!,2.3 Phonology,Think
2、about:,Produce“p”in“peak”and“speak”!Find out the differences.Does it influence the meaning if we pronounce“speak”in the way of producing“peak”concerning“p”?Namely,is sphi:k different from spi:k?,语音SpeechSound语音系统Sound system,语音学语音的发生、传递、感知不涉及到意义基本单位：音素（或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）,音位学有区别意义的语音的组合规律涉及到意义基本单位：音位
3、,音段单位：音位,组合规律,超音段音位学,Phonology and phonetics,Semantically relevant speech sounds,Sound patterns vary from language to language.,All languages,Language-specific,Phone,phoneme,and allophone,Phone(音素）:a phonetic unit or segment.They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication.e
4、.g.pit,spit;feel,leaf ph,p;,l-phonetic unit-not distinctive of meaning-physical as heard and produced-marked with phoneme:the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units.-phonological unit-distinctive of meaning-abstract,not physical;it is presented or realized by a certa
5、in phone in a certain phonetic context,such as/p/.-marked with/e.g./l/can be realized as dark,and clear lRules to determine different phonemes:the substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning,e.g.pig/big,Allophones(音位变体),p=,ph are two different phones and are variants of the pho
6、neme/p/.Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.成为同一个phoneme 的allophones 的条件Phonetic similarityThey are in complementary distribution,namely they never occur in the same context.For example,p occurs after s,while ph occurs in other places.,Phone,phoneme,and allophone,2.3
7、.3 Minimal Pairs(最小对立体)，phonemic contrast（音位对立）,Minimal pair is a basic procedure in establishing the phonemic inventory of a language or a test for phonemes.Two expressions(words or morphemes)can be called a minimal pair if and only if(1)they have different meanings,(2)and they are identical in eve
8、ry way except for only one sound segment,(3)which occurs in the same place in the string.A typical case is the pair mail vs nail.The two sound strings meil neil are identical in every way except for the segments m and n,which occur at the initial place and make two word completely different in meani
9、ng.(参考语言与语言学辞典：306；胡壮麟),如何做一个概念陈述？,判断下列是否是最小对立体,tip&lip?mail&aild?foot&feet?,tip/tip/,lip/lip/-There is a phonemic distinction between them.,No,the different sound segments do not occur in the same place of the string.,Yes,they are minimal pair.u&i:are the only different sound segmentsHappening in a
10、 the same place of the string,and for their different two words Are distinguished in meaning.,A minimal pair:如：bean and dean 这一小对确立了/b/和/d/这两个音位Minimal set:如：bean,dean,mean,lean.这一组词的语音串上只有一个音素不同，且发生在同一位置上，是他们区别了意义。这一组单词，使得/b,d,m,l/这些音素得以区别开来。再如：Each vowel represents a phoneme，which can be determine
11、d either by minimal pairs or minimal set.,要区/b/和/p/好像不一定要bill 和pill.Bay 和pay 也可以呀？,对！区别音位或确定音位的还可以是最小对比组！minimal sets,请你结合语音学的知识思考：是什么决定了/p/和/b/可以区别了bill 和pill 的意义？,因为p和b 的_是不同的！具体而言：p_,而b _,articulation,可见，这两个音位对应的语音发音具有区别性的特征（distinctive feature）。,语言与语言学辞典:Distinctive Feature is a（1）Class of phone
12、tically defined（2）components of phonemes（3）that function to distinguish meaning(134).,Presentation of distinctive features,Distinctive features are presented in binary opposition.The features can be shown either present+or absent-.e.g.+nasal,-nasal.s in seal-voiced,z in zeal+voicedb in bet+oral or-n
13、asal,n in net+nasal,2.3.4 Some rules of phonology,Rule 1 sequential rules(序列规则):the rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language,Observe the following arrangement!Can you find any rules?like,love,look,right,rough,root/l/and/r/must be followed by _.spring,street,screw,splendid,s
14、queal,studentIf three consonants should cluster together,the combination should obey the following three rules:The first phoneme must be _.The second phoneme must be _.The third phoneme must be _.,a vowel.,/s/,/p,t/or/k/,/l,r,w/or/j/,Some phonological rules,Rule 2:assimilation rule(同化规则)The pronunci
15、ation of a phone may be assimilated to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones more similar.Regressive assimilation:the following sound influencing the proceeding sound Progressive assimilation:the proceeding sound influencing the following sound,Assimilation
16、can occur across syllable or word boundaries e.g.sunglass,five past,Pronounce the following words to feel the differences of the same sound in the different phonological environments!cap and can;sin and sink,at and mapYou can find that a is _by the sounds before or after it.,assimilated,2.3.4 Some r
17、ules of phonology,Rule 2:assimilation rule Assimilation may result in nasalization(e.g.tan,can),dentalization(e.g.tenth,ninth),velarization(e.g.sink,mink),devoicing(e.g.has to),etc.Thus there exist nasalization rule,dentalization rule,velarization rule,devoicing rule,etc.nth,ninth;sink,mink;has a bo
18、ok,has to,2.3.4 Some rules of phonology,Rule 2:assimilation rule 如：nasalization rule-nasal+nasal/A vowel is nasalized when it is followed by a nasal consonant.e.g tan,2.3.4 Some rules of phonology,Rule 3:deletion rule(省略规则)A sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.,Compare
19、 the pronunciations of the two groups.Can you find any rule?(1)signature,designation,paradigmatic(2)sign,design,paradigmIn the second group,/g/is _.,deleted,2.3.5 Suprasegmental Features(超音段特征),Distinctive features can also be found over phonemic segments,this is what we will consider SUPRASEGMENTAL
20、 FATURES.They are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segmentsThe principal suprasegmantal features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.,Syllable Stress Tone Intonation,2.3.5.1 Shape/structure of syllable,e.g.bed,dead,fed,head,led,red,said,wed,thread,wed A syllable is div
21、ided into onset,rhyme and/or coda.A syllable must have a nucleus or peak,which is often the task of a vowel.Syllables are represented by symbols like CVC.A syllable has no coda is known as open syllable while a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable.In English only tense vowels(long vowels a
22、nd diphthongs)can occur in open syllables.,Some syllables have an onset and no coda.,k i:t,2.3.5.2 Stress,Types:word stress,sentence stress.Function:distinguish lexical meaningconverse distinguishment(p27)Compound distinguishment(p27-28)(including ing form)Emphasize sth in a sentence apart from part
23、-of-speech stress convention(p29),2.3.5.3 Tone,Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.They function to distinguish meanings,such as Chinese level(阴平)，the second rise(阳平)，the third fall-rise(上声),and the fourth fall(去声),in 妈，麻，马，骂.English is
24、not a tone language.,2.3.5.3 Three major types of English intonation:a.falling tone:straight-forward,matter-of-factThats not the book he wants.b.rising tone:a questionThats not the book he wants.c.fall-rise tone:implied messageThats not the book he wants.,语音SpeechSound语音系统Sound system,语音学语音的发生、传递、感知不涉及到意义基本单位：音素（或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）,音位学有区别意义的语音的组合规律涉及到意义基本单位：音位,音段单位：音位,组合规律,超音段音位学,Phonology and phonetics,Semantically relevant speech sounds,Sound patterns vary from language to language.,All languages,Language-specific,
