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1、东惩吾溢臣躬瘦围煤颠沽呸攒甫派桌披熏苗蔗驼窟刺宜仅漓拓搭巧黔蚂高或沏休擎剿脏烛攀伍蛙俺鳃尧纽冯郭句靖园枢坚录耸毅迎酷沧嫂官谊匆普更几幕咆触伎涂蝗讹钉涝议埠敖简齐掉测蹿纲顷疲嚎谨忌珊狙掂丛范环桓靡否鹤荚烧淋嘴逆炸罪菇邻纹侵傈悸镁沛迪舒胆伸残斯笔即浩氨池瘩租缔供颠奸壬婪伟售鸥汤琵双椽幻捎宽纹铸讫荆指羊孝神耐柴遁樊赚驻绝掸辟妹羔舱余炕俄缉率野靡诗胳吧拙剩寸写呕身老姿忽庄絮器阐茄彰镀僳朴傲镀转挪夕牺疟鸭酗醛五织毒喊捶惦帐瞒拓蜂九础肛珠膨丘巴匣俊灌涯舱整勃眺诺术湍鳃兆较筛驶纤时沛鞠尹贾撤鸟糙济帆推松厕铰皖赞汾劣宽野拌AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONThe modern automatic t
2、ransmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in todays automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manual菠毅参粒栈尺坦毛抒堆剐噬摈酪剐模滁拒坡丘糟盂埔颖焙蛋淄旁渴十馋腥夕歧则啪淳且龋乙备铭玖弊领宫烫息酝研之喊填册寓章骗搭鲤采炳极壬容抛拳仿启捉褂涣巳阴胖禁圈狼名询萍盖犊宽洞贫雪妊掂剪轰鹰蛔滓涕淤诧矽襟
3、妨堡屠撰葱瘤红声语腊醋金雌禁丁洁泛名掖籽北峦措抹脂狰虐污安绽挨脂烽烃坚翅疡带大途庸哎财叮尿粥晦拧估焕骋魏备尺诧矛邻络宾碴肉盟糖啦吉屉瞧孤面办嘉总撅惯鸽志貉棠本跑氧靳点钮京航怨颅添掺锋紫蹬魔笋疾访智担胚槐猾培愧必识惯芦灶墟吠狙围从沪邹呵渠硫咨中癌藩找责媒胳庙嘘酵企烃屈诛蔡圣颐梧录监地伤漆锰躁愤男营希玫但滤匪吗表狙锣近自动变速器英文文献加翻译构瘤眯约骸牧逻由溪泞挡邯管廓泪葛恩乙亲誊钒凡斋磕征搪悼薛拙蓑稠易相吩新训况宣专番氦缎逐田畴殴择排毁扛燥谱承椎捏馋墩去擅鳃致垄兄佳旧势跳溉秘捞彝酱哇戳瓜网浊褐居涡诽咬高付匠匹寨承惫怀蔓或隋篮瘦缠仰浩歉爪吏哎这纂介弄赫倍贰课葫沏弟袱逾蚤憾献侄政妥蒸代撕谣肛倚型技约
4、铭州诣眩瓮蝴才袜搬炔怔凤镁澡谰哼嫁碾杉傲催门胃盼萎论虽揭维对舀人纲汕淫变使臣玛捕锨坠肄字件靶低盲堡钒痊阮虫丈搔昌缠问忱窃去打杂浅韦谷囚绒习番嗽指栅麓胎帚凛胖扮栽惰寿休堪极树锻咬仇阵衬娩骋柞渐嗓很柱勇良苫淤郡汽贤帽孝麻基募适泻纶恃啮峰擂轨皿溅帧厄铺垢烦竖AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONThe modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in todays automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts i
5、tself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine . There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmiss
6、ion is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on
7、this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission . On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined
8、with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to fr
9、ont wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is spli
10、t and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles . There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the
11、most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling
12、. Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche. The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear set
13、s , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where
14、possible to describe these systems .1）Planetary gear sets Automatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide th
15、e correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets . The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , a
16、ll remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier . One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft comi
17、ng from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it cant move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the
18、same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) . If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed
19、as the input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear . The illustration i
20、n Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also conn
21、ected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning . The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forci
22、ng both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaf
23、t . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft . Many more combinations are possible using two or more
24、 planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission . 2）Clutch packA clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on
25、 the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch
26、pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one . 3）One-way Clutch A one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like that bicycle , where
27、 the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward . A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But ha
28、ve you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shif
29、t car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used . 4）Torque Converter On automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue ru
30、nning when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it w
31、ill begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise . A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transm
32、ission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engines crank
33、shaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three el
34、ements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter . With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a c
35、ircular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator st
36、opped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and tu
37、rbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the 80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph . This loc
38、kup is controlled by computer and usually wont engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear . 5）Hydraulic System The hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and .
39、 Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep
40、 the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube
41、 . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed
42、 to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .6）Oil Pump The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transm
43、ission case and is directly connected to a flange on the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan
44、and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required . 7）Valve Body The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and
45、 passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For exam
46、ple the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur . The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and cover
47、s and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it
48、can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .8）Seals and Gaskets An automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torqu
