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1、wellcome,非谓语动词non-infinitive,一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动词的-ing形式(the ing Form)；过去分词（the Past Participle）。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.,2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The s
2、uit used to fit him very well.3）都有主动与被动,“体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition,we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）,4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.（谓语动词
3、的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member,the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）,2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。,（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：,二、非
4、谓语动词用法：（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1、不定式的形式：,否定式：not+(to)do,1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.,2）进行式：不定式的进行式所
5、表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.,2、不定式的句法功能：1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose y
6、our heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.,2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,he
7、lp,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.,动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.,4
8、）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do,he didnt go to the cinema.有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,如：I saw him
9、 cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.,5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A）动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.B）说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：H
10、e is the first to get here.,6）作状语：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money,every means has been tried.right:To save money,he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.right:To lea
11、rn English well,he needs a dictionary.,B）表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.C）表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.,7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth,I dont l
12、ike the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it,you dont need to.9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.,_ late in the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.A.To sleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Having slept,2001春季高考 第21题,2001年春季高考 第24题,One learns a language by
13、 making mistakes and _ them.A.correct B.correcting C.corrects D.to correct,Multiple choice,过去分词,不定式,-ing 形式,非谓语动词,不定式的作用,不定式的时态,不定式的否定形式,不定式,1.作状语,2.作定语,3.作表语,4.作补语,过去分词,不定式,B,该题考查疑问+不定式在句中做宾语的用法。英语中有一些动词 后可以跟一个疑问词的不定式做宾语，如：,tell,discuss,know,show,learn,decide,wonder,explain,B,不定式,因为主语是the purpose，在
14、（purpose,wish,promise,plan）后常跟不定式故表语要用不定式，to不能省略，因此构成the purpose is tonot todo 句型，故选B。,D,不定式,常和不定式完成式连用的动词还有：,Would love,meant,hoped,planned,expected,promised,wish等,例如：I meant to have telephoned you,but I forgot.,A,该题考查动词不定式做宾语的 用法。Would love(like)to 是固定搭配，因此B、C、不合题意。Would love+不定式一般式，表示“想，希望”，而接不定式
15、完成式则表示“原本希望，而未曾实现”的意思。,不定式,C,该题考查不定式的否定式作主补。要注意warn后跟词方式，warn sb.not to do sth.warn sb.against doing sth.该题应该用结构。两外，not 应放在to之前。,在大多数的动词可接不定式短语做宾补，只有少数动词（五个看see,watch,notice,observe,look at；三使役make,let,have;二听listen to,hear等）须接不带to 的不定式做宾补。,过去分词,1.作状语,C,1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。,2.“
16、陷入深思”有两种表达法，A.Lose oneself in thought B.be lost in thought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.,过去分词,2.作定语,A,过去 分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作以完成。现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。所以A是正确的。First played in 776B.C.=which was first played in 776 B.C.,过去分词,3.作表语,C,该题考查分词作表语的用法。“to pay sb.by the hour”计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的
17、有：get burnt,get hurt,get wounded.,过去分词,4.作补语,该题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的用法。The plan 与carry out 的关系是被动关系。See sth.done 这结构常见的还有watch(notice,observe,have 和make)sth.done.,C,-ing 形式,-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法,A,解析,Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面。如：,His parents died,leaving him an o
18、rphan.,历年高考题,1.The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_.(NMET91 34)A.hear B.to hear C.hearing D.heard,2.On afternoon,Mrs Green went to the market,_ some bananas and visited her cousin.(NMET91 23)A.bought B.buying C.to buy D.writing,3.-I usually go there by train.-Why not _ by boa
19、t for a change?(NMET92 14)A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going,4._ a reply,he decided to write again.(MET92 39)A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received,5.How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden?(MET93 17)A.to take B.take C.taking D.to
20、be taking,6._ down the radio-the babys asleep in the next room.(MET93 24)A.Turning B.To turn C.Turned D.Turn,7.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.(MET93 34)A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented,8.-I must apologize for _ ahead of time.-Thats all right.
21、(MET94 21)A.letting you not know B.not letting you know C.letting you know not D.letting not you know,9.Rather than _ on a crowded bus,he always prefers _ a bicycle.(NMET94 22)A.ride;ride B.riding;ride C.ride;to ride D.to ride;riding,10.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river.(NMET94 25)A.p
22、laying B.to be playing C.play D.to play,11.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(NMET94 34)A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written,12.-You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret _ that.(NMET
23、95 26)A.to do b.to be doing C.to have done D.having done,13.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him_.(NMET95 35)A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to,14.-What do you think made Mary so upset?-_ her new bicycle.(97上海 13)A.As she lost B.Lost C.Losing D.Because o
24、f losing,15.She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.(97 上海12)A.to clean B.cleaning C.cleaned D.being cleaned,16.She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden.(95 上海20)A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in,17.While shopping,people sometime cant help _ into bu
25、ying something they dont really need.(96上海14)A.to pursue B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded,18.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.(NMET99 21)A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make,19.A computer does only what thinking people _.(99上海19)A
26、.have it do B.have it done C.have done it D.having it done,20.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _“Sorry to miss you;will call later.”(NMET99 25)A.read B.reads C.to read D.reading,5.Mrs.Smith warned her husband_after drinking again and again.A.never to drive B.to never drive C.n
27、ever driving D.never drive,6.To master a foreign language,_.A.a lot of practice is needed B.it needs a lot of practice C.practice is in need of D.one needs a lot of practice,20.The library needs _,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaning B.be cleaned C.clean D.being cleaned,4.Our father often t
28、old us in the past that _is believing.A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen,1.He gave us some advice on how_ English.A.learning B.learned C.to learn D.learn,2.It s a pay day，and they are waiting_.A.pay B.paying C.paid D.to be paid,3.-A letter may be too slow.-Why not _ a telegram？A.try sending B.try
29、to send C.to try sending D.trying to send,巩固练习,C,D,A,B,A,D,1._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk,2.When and where to build the new power station_yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided,3.Is_necessary to chang
30、e trains at Beijing?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he,4.Our father often told us in the past that _is believing.A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen,5.She pretended_the letter I wrote the day before yesterday.A.not to receive B.not receiving C.not to hear from D.having not received,Non-infinitive,7.She reached t
31、he top of the hill and stopped_on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest,8.Do you consider_any good attempting many scientific experiments?A.there B.it C.this D.that,9.Im thirsty.Would you please give me something_.A.drunk B.to drink C.to be drunk D.for drinki
32、ng,10.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed,11Mrs.Smith warned her husband_after drinking again and again.A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never rive,12.They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childh
33、ood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow,13.Believe it or not,he was seen_upstairs just now.A.to go B.to going C.having gone D.go,14.It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.A.to burn B.burn C.burning D.burned,15.The murderer was brought in,with his hands _behind his back.A.being tied B.ha
34、ving tied C.to be tied D.tied,16.To master a foreign language,_.A.a lot of practice is needed B.it needs a lot of practice C.practice is in need of D.one needs a lot of practice,17._a reply,he decided to write a sixth letter.A.Not receiving B.Not to receive C.Not having received D.Having not receive
35、d,18.Little Jim should love _to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking,19.What do you think of the book?Oh,excellent.Its worth _a second time.A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read,20.The library needs _,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaning B.be cleaned C.clean D.being cleaned,Thank you,
