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1、大作文的结构及写作方式,两种类型,议论文 argument 说明文 report,议论文,议论文一般针对的是题目中的一个话题(some people think)，以及部分人对这个话题的想法(some people think,while others believe,有些人认为。当另外一些人认为)，然后要求你是不是同意或者是发表你自己的看法（I think this is correct/true;I disagree with this）。这类题目通常会在题目中引述一个观点，然后要求你针对那个观点，进行写作。议论文比较基于主观事实描述，一般来说，文章的主体是以 为什么而展开，作者需要通过解
2、释，论证从而达到一个比较合理的能够具有说服力的一个层次。作者要展开自己的想法，并要通过论证，让读者认为你所写的是正确的，合理的。,议论文,议论文通常有两种问法：1.To what extent do you agree or disagree?(你从多大程度上同意这个观点)题目中一部分人只会提出对于某个问题所产生的一个看法。作者所要进行论证就是你是否同意这么一个看法,Protecting wild animals is a waste of resources.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Give reas
3、ons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.,结构：四段或五段,引言部分：提出主题（描述当前背景），改写复述题目，表明自己的观点，衔接下文。正文第一段：原因1正文第二段：原因2正文第三段：原因3（可省略）结尾：重申主题，建议措施，展望未来,引言部分：提出主题（描述当前背景），改写复述题目，表明自己的观点，衔接下文。,As is known to all,the big contradiction between the limitation of land
4、 and the rapidly increasing demand for it causes an alarming headache of human beings.To improve the situation,some people suggest we instantly give up protecting wild animals,the reason for which,according to them,is simply that they believe there will be no spare places for the wild animals as the
5、ir habitats in the 21st century,and thus it is nothing but a waste of resources to carry out the protection.As far as I am concerned,the so-called“suggestion”is extremely ridiculous and has no point at all.,正文第一段：原因1,Just like human beings,wild animals are the indispensible part of the earth.The coe
6、xistence of animals and human beings creates harmony and brings about the vividness to our planet.An increasing number of people come to realize that the disappearance of animals will result in huge threat to the balance of ecosystem.If one species die out,it is inevitable that other species on the
7、food chain will be put in very dangerous situation,which will definitely cause a series of terrible problems for the earth.,正文第二段：原因2,It is hard to imagine what our world would be like without animals.Sociologists also point out that the disappearance of animals can cause social and economic problem
8、s.Animals trade,as a supporting sector to the world economy,would be out of control and a large number of animals would be killed for more profit.,结尾：重申主题，建议，展望,Certainly,our diet cannot live without meat.There are living stocks,which can provide us with sufficient and nutritious produce.Therefore,w
9、e need not to resort to wild animals,especially the endangered ones.To protect animals is to protect our living environment.Every individual should join efforts to keep the diversity of animals.,练习：,Some people believe that students who want to go to university after graduation from high school shou
10、ld gain some work experience or have a travel to enlarge their vision.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?五段,Homework:,The computer is widely used in education,and some people think teachers do not play important roles in the classroom.To what extent do you agree or disagree?,p
11、ractice,Todays children are living under more pressure from society than children in the past.To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion?,Writing an outline,一边倒开头提出主题，表明观点，引出下文主体段1原因1主体段2原因2结尾重申主题，建议措施,开头,现在的孩子们生活条件比以前好了很多，但是也比过去的孩子承受了更多的压力。我认为，现在的孩子们的童年与过去的孩子们比起来的确不那么多姿多彩无忧无虑。,Nowaday
12、s children are growing up in more favorable conditions than ever before.However,they are also faced with much greater pressure than children in the past.As for me,their childhood is indeed less colourful and carefree than that of the children in the past.,主体段1,首先，学业负担尤其沉重。（扩展主题句，延长因果链，假设论证，举例论证）,Fir
13、stly,the burden with academic learning has become extremely heavy.It has become a trend for kids to take extra courses beyond their normal school curriculum,for parents believe that this can ensure their children a chance to a better university.And only a better university can ensure their kids a go
14、od job in the future.This would no doubt bring huge pressure to their children,affecting their health both physically and mentally.,主体段2,另一方面，就业的压力也越来越大。（举例论证，因果链）,Secondly,the pressure of employment is becoming greater and greater.Statistics show that in 2007 about one million college graduates fai
15、led to find jobs.Most of them held bachelors and even masters degrees.The fact that even well-educated people are confronted with unemployment problems urges children to obtain more skills and become more versatile so as to stay competitive on the job market.,结尾段,重申观点，导致后果，如何解决,From the above discus
16、sion,we can easily come to a conclusion that children do live under more pressure than ever before.Under so much work and pressure,it is difficult for them to develop good personalities and interpersonal communication skills.They may become solitary and even suffer from certain mental illnesses.Ther
17、efore,our government and society should create opportunities and reform our educational mechanism to let our kids enjoy their supposed happy childhood.,2.Discuss both views and give your opinion(讨论双方观点然后给出你自己的看法)与第一个题目不同的地方在于，这个题目相对来说，是针对了一个话题，两组人，对于这个话题，产生的相反的不同的看法，题目要求的就是作者针对这两种看法，表达你自己的观点。,写法一：,一
18、边倒的写法。和前面agree or disagree 写法相同第一段提出主题，两种看法，你的看法，同意A或B中间段落表明你的看法的原因也可以在一个段落描述另一种看法的合理性结尾总结，提出建议措施等。,Now,air travel has become cheaper than in the past.Some people say that is a positive development,while some people disagree with this.What do you think?Give your reasons.,outline,开头：引出主题，表明观点主体段1-飞机旅
19、行的好处1主体段2 飞机旅行的好处2结尾 论述相反观点，重申自己立场，提出建议,开头：如何引出主题？对比写法提出观点,Nowadays,people can choose to travel by bus,train,ship,and airplane.In the past,travelling by air was too expensive to be popular,but things are different now:air travel has become much cheaper.Therefore,I argue that this is definitely a pos
20、itive development.,主体段1,飞机旅行的好处之一：快速 举例论证,Firstly,airplane travels extremely fast,thus it saves us a lot of time.We know that in the past,travelling from Britain to America by ship would take at least a month,but now it only needs five to eight hours.One can start out from Britain in the morning and
21、 join friends in the States for dinner.This is just the need of modern people who always want to save time to achieve more important tasks.,主体段2,飞机旅行的第二个好处：安全 对比论证,Secondly,travelling by air is safer than by any other means of transport.There are car crashes happening here and there on highways,taki
22、ng away thousands of lives everyday.People may think that train and ship are much safer than airplane,but statistics show that the rate of an airplane crash is far lower than these two means of transport.I have travelled by air dozens of times and am quite confident about the safety of air traveling
23、.,Sure enough,apart from some worries about the safety of airplane,people are also worried that due to cheaper prices of air tickets,there will be more and more people choosing to travel by air,thus resulting in huge consumption of fuel and severe air pollution.This is indeed a problem worth our dee
24、p consideration.However,I firmly believe that with the development of science and technology,new types of fuel will definitely be found and then,air travel will pose no threat at all to the environment.,From the foregoing discussion,we can see that air travel becoming cheaper and cheaper is absolute
25、ly not a bad thing.,写法二,折中写法写两种观点的合理性开头段照旧，可以省去自己观点，最后一段再提。中间段落两种观点的合理性结尾总结，你的想法，建议措施展望,Some people prefer to live in a small town.Others prefer to live in a big city.Which place would you prefer to live in?折中开头，引出主题大城市优点小城市优点我的观点,People seldom agree with each other,even in such trivial issues as pr
26、eference between big cities and small towns.Its a little bit hasty to say that it is better to live in a big city than to live in a small town,or vice versa.,大城市优点（列举法，对比论证）就业 教育 生活水准,Living in a big city has several benefits.First,there are more job opportunities readily available in big cities tha
27、n a small town.The qualities of the position are much higher as well and the pay is more decent.Second,children are supposed to be able to receive an education with a higher quality compared with their counterparts who live in a small town.Finally,living in a big city has a superior overall living s
28、tandard to that in a small town.There are more commodities and services in city markets and there are even much more cinemas in big cities.,小城市优点 居住在小城市的人们生活更加舒服。他们没有大城市人们的沉重的生活压力。尽管收入少一些，但是小城市的生活开销也不像大城市那么多。在小城市，居民们之间融洽的关系会让孩子们更健康的成长，他们也许不能去电影院放松休闲，但是可以和朋友在一起聊天玩耍。,However,living in a small town als
29、o has some advantages.People who live in a small town often have a much more comfortable life style.Most of them are immune from the suffering of high work stress.Although the average pay is much less than that of big cities,the price of daily necessities is usually more inexpensive.Instead of suffe
30、ring loneliness which is prevalent in big cities,children might grow up more healthily because of harmonious relationship among residents in small towns.They might have fewer cinemas to entertain themselves,but they have more friends available to chat or play with.,According to my current situation,
31、although I am longing for the cozy atmosphere and relationship among neighbors and friends which almost only exist in small towns,I have chosen to live in one of the biggest cities in my countryBeijing,since I have found a pretty good job here and decent pay.I think I would prefer living in a small
32、town when I retire one day.,3.讨论advantages and disadvantagesPlease state the advantages and disadvantages of the development of private cars.对称写法题目本身存在观点的对立性，所以可以转化为discuss both views的类型，同时给出自己的观点即可。开头段落照旧，形式，不同观点中间两段，分别讨论优缺点结尾段落进行总结，给出自己的观点及解决措施等。,4.解释型题目,仔细看题目要求以解释原因，分析结果为主，不涉及辩论四段或五段开头引出主题，主体段落根据
33、题目要求进行分析说明，结尾总结。,4.解释型题目,Nowadays,it is difficult for university students to find a job.Analyze the individual and social reasons and offer some solutions.,4.解释型题目,Many young people find their first days at high school or college difficult,because they feel very lonely.What do you think are the othe
34、r difficulties they face on their first days?What can schools and colleges do to make them feel more comfortable?,新生入校不仅会接触到很多新鲜的事物，同时还会遇到不少困难。据调查，大概70%以上的新生存在孤独感。在我看来，除了孤独感外，新入校的同学也会遇到其他的一些困难。,第一，来自学业的压力会让同学们忧心忡忡。Independent learning self-discipline 第二，对新环境的种种不适应也会让同学们不舒服。Overseas student,学校和老师在帮助新生适应环境方面起着重要的作用。介绍会 orientation meeting campus tour more activities,
