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1、Chapter I Introduction,1.1 The English Vocabulary1.2 The Structure of English Words,Teaching Objectives,Have a good understanding of English lexicology,its aims and meaningsLearn some general information about English vocabularyLearn the structure of English words,Teaching focus,Definition of“a word
2、”Definition of morphemesDefinition of allomorphsTypes of morphemesfree morphemebound morpheme,1.1 The English vocabulary,An International languageEnglish as L1:Britain,U.S.A.,Ireland,Australia,Newzealand,Canada,South Africa etc.Population:340 million,English as L2:India,Pakistan,Nepal,Sikkim,Myanmar
3、(Burma)，Singapore，Zimbabwe,Nigeria,Ghana，Namibia，Jamaica，Bermuda，MalaysiaPopulation:?MillionsEnglish as FL:Population:750 millions,Oxford English DictionaryNumber of English vocabulary:414,829(1928);500,000(1989)2 millions of word increasing rate:850 per yearCf:German 185,000 French 100,000How much
4、vocabulary did literary masters have?Shakespear:24,000Milton:16,000 English educated people:25,000 Chinese educated people:5000,How much vocabulary should a Chinese student have?most frequently used coverage of reading materials1,000 80.5%2,000 89%3,00093%4,00095%5,00097%P.3-4 table,Four levels of v
5、ocabularySpeaking Active vocabularyWritingReading Passive vocabulary Guess,Activity,Read the following paragraphand see which words belong to which level of vocabulary:The United States Thursday paid tribute to Afghans who turned out to vote in the countrys crucial presidential election despite an i
6、ntimidation campaign by the Taliban.U.S.officials say its too early to assess the credibility of the election.,English lexicologyThe study of English vocabularyExercises:To be done after class,1.2 The Structure of English Words,Lead-in What is a word?An elusive notionhave has had？friend friends？entr
7、y词条in a dictionary-lexeme 词位word form 词形：词的不同形状lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合,Definition:A word is an independent,minimal,meaningful linguistic unit.,classification of words according to syntactic function,Function wordsdeterminer,pronoun,preposition,conjunction,auxiliary verb,interjection.Content w
8、ordsnoun,verb,adjective,adverb.,Morphological Structure of English Words,OutlineMorphemes 词素A.basic information about morphemesB.Allomorphs 词素变体Classification of Morphemes 词素分类A.Free morphemes&bound morphemesB.Roots&affixes,Morphemes 词素A.basic information about morphemesQ:What is the morpheme?A:The
9、morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13),Q:Whats the difference between a“word”&a“morpheme”?词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体词素：不一定能独立运用Example试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？nationnation+alnation+al+izede-nation+al+izede-nat
10、ion-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化,A word may be analyzable into one or more morphemes.1.What is the difference between a morpheme like de-and a phoneme(音素)like/k/and/ju:/?Phonemes have no meaning while morphemes do.2.Is a morpheme identical with a syllable(音节)?No,because syllable has nothing to do with mea
11、ning.A morpheme may be represented by one syllable,like boy and child,or by two or more syllables,as in lady,crocodile,etc.,B.Allomorphs 词素变体A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.如：books,pigs,horses共同词素是什么？曲折词素-(e)s。有三种不同发音：/-s,-z,-iz/,这三种形式都是同一曲折词素-s的变体，称为词素变体。An allomorph is any of the varia
12、nt forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.More examples给下列动词加上后缀使其变为名词：InventExpand,omitJustify,modernizeDescribe,Invention,expansion,omission,justification,modernization,description这几个都是词素变体。,请在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不”的意思：Perfect,balance,mobileResponsibleLogicalFlexible,excusabl
13、e im-,ir-,il-都是in-的词素变体,Classification of Morphemes 词素分类两种分类方法（P13）从可否独立使用来看：A.Free morphemes&bound morphemes 自由词素&粘着词素从所含的语义来看：B.Roots&affixes 词根&词缀,A.Free morphemes&bound morphemes自由词素：Man,faith,read,etc.粘着词素：un-,-ly,-ish,toler-,etc.B.Roots&affixes 词根&词缀Roots:a root is the basic unchangeable part
14、of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.(P13)Work,workable,worker,worked,working中词根是work,词根 自由词根 粘着词根自由词根（P15）自由词根又叫做“简单词”。数量不多，但使用频率高；是英语词汇中最稳定、最具生命力的词。粘着词根粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。,观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根：revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vivid拉丁词根：vit-/viv-,意思：life or live复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的
15、；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的,Affixes 词缀Definition:Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.Affix inflectional affixes 曲折词缀 derivational affixes 派生词缀inflectional affixes 曲折词缀(P14)曲折词缀只表达一定的语法范畴，是词的语法功能的标记。It does not form a new word with new lexical
16、meaning when it is added to another word.,曲折词缀大致只有以下几种：1.plural marker 复数标记2.genitive case 所有格3.the verbal ending 动词时态词缀4.er and est 比较级与最高级标记derivational affixes 派生词缀derivational affixes prefixes 前缀 suffixes 后缀,注意：1、不少派生词缀不止一个意思2、有些派生词缀带有感情色彩examplede-means:1.to undo what has been done,to reverse t
17、he action of eg.decentralize,decode2.to remove eg.to debone3.to reduce Eing from sth.else(esp.in grammar)Eg.a deverbal noun,带有感情色彩的词缀，例如：mis-,mal-,pseudo-含贬义，如：misunderstand,maltreat-ish 也带有贬义，比如：Bookish,selfishSome interesting affixes-nik(P19)-in-manshipsuper-,Classification of words on a morphemic level 词素层面词语的分类Words can be divided into：1.simple words 简单词2.derived words 派生词pound words 合成词,
