小开填空方法总结课件.ppt

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1、小开填空新丝路,2013.08.20,填空复习资料：填空绿皮电子版：http:/,进入正题！,冒号、分号加逗号 填空的秘诀在于读题1秒钟的合理猜想！,一公理 三定理 小粘连 一对儿词,公理,那么介绍一下我要讲的公理：点对点重复线对点重复两个已经出现的重复的关系（罕）,简单说明一下分隔和粘连,分隔就是：一句话！粘连就是两句话！,三定理,定理1（粘连分隔判定定理）：粘连判断方法：出现冒号、分号必为粘连，是同义重复。although+逗号，逗号+but或者逗号+and yet大都是反义重复，because+逗号，逗号+since大都是同义重复；Although,although,because,an

2、d yet分隔判断方法：逗号+介词 分词 同位语 定语从句四大结构是分隔In order to,Given that,relating,一句话：分隔粘连不用记，只要看清标点符号两遍的同义反义关系即可！,三定理,定理2.1（粘连定位定理）：粘连结构中 冒号 分号 逗号 隔开的就是这两套句子结构 那么 对于所有上面粘连的情况，空格出现在哪个句子结构中，就到另一个句子结构中找答案。定理2.2（分隔定位定理）：分隔是主干部分以外的其他部分（也可叫做分隔部分）,如果空格出现在主干部分中，就从其他部分中找答案，如果空格出现在其他部分中，就从主干部分中找答案。,一句话：空格在逗号的左边，猜测的答案就在逗号的

3、右边，空格在逗号的右边猜测的答案就在逗号的左边。（猜测位置）猜测的答案与空格分隔在符号两端。,定理3（its his her such 定理）：空格都跟在his、her、its 和such 后面，直接找his、her、its 指代物的特征和such 指代的内容，当然，如果空格前面没有出现his her its 或者such 等，但是空格的意思是填文中出现的某个科学家或者政府的特征或者其他什么的特征，方法类似！（这个定理我们在后面讲）,所谓的杂,在很多时候我们会遇到这种情况：逗号隔开两个句子：比如 Although.,.如果空格出现在逗号后面，我们会猜测空格答案在逗号前面，如果空格出现在逗号前面

4、，那么我们会猜测空格答案在逗号后面。但是在很多情况下，逗号两边都有空格，那我们该怎么猜测呢？我们只需做的就是瞥一眼，瞥一眼空格附近是否有and、but、or等小词，或者固定结构，如shift.from,more than等等，或者前面讲的小粘连。这个时候不仅可以猜测出空格答案在哪，同时也可以猜测出解题顺序，通常情况下，先解决附近有料的空格。,一句话：当句子里面没有标点符号或者一个逗号将两个空格分隔开来，做好瞥一眼，小粘连会出现，优先解决附近有小粘连的空格！（猜测位置和解题顺序）,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号，猜测答案位置，猜测同义反义重复。第2-n秒：读题，用定理解题。最后1秒：检查是否满足公理。

5、小开的解题最最终要的部分就是第1秒，做好这1秒钟，解题会节省很多时间！,分隔粘连不用记，只要看清标点符号两遍的同义反义关系即可！空格在逗号的左边，猜测的答案就在逗号的右边，空格在逗号的右边猜测的答案就在逗号的左边。（猜测位置）当句子里面没有标点符号或者一个逗号将两个空格分隔开来，做好瞥一眼，小粘连会出现，优先解决附近有小粘连的空格！（猜测位置和解题顺序）最后一句话：牢记解题步骤 做好读题前的1秒猜测最重要！,1.Dominant interests often benefit most from _ of governmental interference in business,since

6、they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.A intensificationB authorizationC centralizationD improvisationE elimination（easy）,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：逗号+since,逗号两端同义重复，猜测空格答案在逗号后面第2秒：读题：逗号后面说他们能够照顾好自己if let alone,所以逗号前面同义重复这层意思，空格所在句应该表达独立、不受干预这层意思，所以E elimination 消除 正确，表达business不受government的干预会有d

7、ominant interest.最后1秒：线对点重复，满足公理。,2.Kagan maintains that an infants reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development,not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or _ signs of adolescent anxiety.A propheticB normalC monotonousD virtualE typical（easy）,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：

8、逗号无实质结构，后面的notor是小粘连，猜测直接用小粘连解题。第2-n秒：读题：直接读小粘连的部分，notor连接一组同义词，空格在or后面，应该是not后面harbingers 预言者 预兆 的同义重复，所以从选项里找一个表示语言的词，所以A prophetic 预言的 正确。最后1秒：点对点重复，满足公理。,3.An investigation that is _ can occasionally yield new facts,even notable ones,but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a

9、search in a definite direction.A timelyB unguidedC consistentD uncomplicatedE subjective（easy）,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：逗号+but,转折，逗号前后反义重复，猜测空格答案在逗号后面。第2-n秒：读题，先读逗号后面，后面说such facts是search in adefinite direction的结果，逗号前面反义重复这层意思，表达search没有definite direction，所以空格选B unguided 表明 investigation是没有确定方向的。最后1秒：线对点重复，满足公理

10、。,4.In stark contrast to his later(i)_,Simpson was largely(ii)_politics during his college years,despite the fact that the campus he attended was rife with political activity.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A activism D devoted toB apathy E indifferent toC affability F shaped by,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：逗号+in contrast to,逗号两端

11、反义重复，猜测第一个空格答案在第一个逗号后面，逗号+despite，逗号两端反义重复，猜测第二个空答案在第二个逗号后面，猜测先解决第二个空。第2-n秒：读题：先读despite后面，说rife with political activity政治活动很活跃，所以第二个空所在句子反义重复这层意思，应该表明政治活动不活跃，E indifferent to 冷漠 不关心 正确。第一个逗号后面就是说，Simon大学时代对政治活动不关心，由猜测知道，空格反义重复这层意思，应该表达 政治活动活跃，所以A activism 行动主义 激进主义 正确。此题答案：AE.最后1秒：线对点重复，满足公理。,5.Sin

12、ce 1813 reaction to Jane Austens novels has oscillated between _and condescension;but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary _.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A adoration.D contemporaries.B indifference E followersC dismissal F precursors,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：冒号+but,猜测反义

13、重复，瞥一眼第一个空，发现between.and.所以猜测先解决第一个空，第二个空所在句是前面内容的反义重复。第2-n秒：读题：第一个空：前面说reaction oscillated摇摆在.之间，between.and.链接一组反义词，所以空格是condescension 屈尊 俯就 的反义重复，所以A adoration崇拜 正确。第二个空：有比较，所以猜测错误，直接由比较结构得出，空格要对被比较的对象特征取反，特征为 later writers后来人，所以这里应该是 D contemporaries 同代人,正确。所以此题答案 AD.最后1秒：典型的点对点重复，满足公理。,6.A numb

14、er of writers who once greatly _ the literary critic have recently recanted,substituting _ for their former criticism.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A disparaged.D approbation.B lauded E ambivalenceC influenced F censure,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：逗号+substituting构成的逗号+现在分词分隔，猜测同义重复，猜测第一个空答案在逗号后面，瞥一眼第二个空，附近有for，猜测可能出于某个结构中，猜测先解

15、决第二个空。第2-n秒：读题：许多曾经怎样literacy critic的作者最近撤退了，改变了看法，他们将早期的批判替换成了.由猜测知，先解决第二个空：subsituting.for.连接一对儿反义词，所以空格应该是criticism批判 的反义重复，所以D approbation赞扬 正确。第一个空：处于今昔对比的结构中，空格表明once过去 的状态，与后面former对应，所以空格应该是criticism的同义重复，所以A disparaged 轻视 贬低 批评 正确。此题答案AD.最后1秒：点对点重复，满足公理。,关键的一对儿词！什么叫一对儿词：常考的表示相对概念的词！如：litera

16、l!=figurative,recently!=once，many!=some skeptics！=supporter等等 很多常考的表示平行概念的词！如：figurative=allusive，evidence=facts题目中考的一对儿对象！前两种情况需要平时积累，最后一种情况需要考试发现！关键的特征词！Science!Literary!Tradition!New!等等很多，也需要平时积累！,1.Dominant interests often benefit most from _ elimination _ of governmental interference in busines

17、s,since they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.government与business互为一对儿词，做题时发现，同时government是常考特征词，褒义时，常常表达 政府有保护人民、制度的义务，贬义时，常常表达管的太多 是新事物发展的阻碍。3.An investigation that is _ unguided _ can occasionally yield new facts,even notable ones,but typically the appearance of such facts is the

18、 result of a search in a definite direction.occasionally 与typically为常考一对儿词，互为反义关系。4.In stark contrast to his later(i)_ activism _,Simpson was largely(ii)_indifferent to_politics during his college years,despite the fact that the campus he attended was rife with political activity.Political为常考特征词 通常带

19、有负面含义。,5.Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austens novels has oscillated between _ adoration_and condescension;but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary _contemporaries_.later 与contemporary为常考一对儿词 表时间对比。6.A number of writers who once greatly _ disparage

20、d_ the literary critic have recently recanted,substituting _ approbation _ for their former criticism.once 与recently为常考一对儿词，表时间对比，approbation与criticism为常考一对儿词，对立关系。,7.Famous among job seekers for its _,the company,quite apart from generous salaries,bestowed on its executives annual bonuses and such

21、_ as low-interest home mortgages and company cars.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A magnanimity D reparationsB largesse E appropriationC altruism F perquisites,解题步骤：第1秒：看符号：好多，只找有用的，逗号+famous可以理解为逗号+being famous构成的逗号+现在分词分隔，猜测第一个空答案在逗号后面，第二个空在such后，猜测是such指代物的同义重复。第2-n秒：读题：第一个空：由猜测知，空格答案在逗号后面，后面说这个公司bestowed.bonus

22、es.mortgages.cars，反正就是慷慨的意思，同义重复bestow，所以此题选B largesse 慷慨的捐赠钱或物。第二个空，直接找such指代物，such指代的是annual bonuses,就是福利补贴的意思，所以F perquisites 津贴好处利益正确。此题答案：BF.,8.The success of science is due in great part to its emphasis on_:the reliance on evidence rather than _ and the willingness to draw conclusions even whe

23、n they conflict with traditional beliefs.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A conservatism D factsB creativity E preconceptionsC objectivity F observationscience,evidence,tradition均为常考特征词，science表客观公正，evidence也表客观公正，evidence通常还与preconception、thinking构成一对儿词，表主客观对比，互为对立概念，同时evidence也可与fact构成常考一对儿词，互为平行概念。tradition为常考特征

24、词，褒义时表 自古以来广为流传的、广为接受的、不能违背的，贬义时表枷锁 守旧。同时tradition也可以new构成常考相对关系的一对儿词，与previous构成常考平行关系的一对儿词。,解题步骤：第1 秒：找符号：冒号，猜测同义重复，猜测第一个空的答案在冒号后面，瞥一眼第二个空，发现rather than 和and 猜测先解决第二个空，再解决第一个空。第2-n 秒：读题：先看第二个空：直接对evidence 取反，这里evidence 也属于gre 常考的有特征的对象，其特征就是客观，所以取反就是不客观，所以E preconceptions 事先形成的观点先入为主正确。第一个空：由猜测知，其

25、直接同义重复分号后面内容，即relianceon evidence，客观，所以C objectivity 客观正确。此题答案：AE.最后1 秒：点对点重复，满足公理.,9.The blueprints for the new automobile were _ at first glance,but the designer had been basically too conservative to _ previous standards of beauty.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A impeccable D incorporateB striking E floutC imp

26、ractical F assess-,解题步骤：第1 秒：找符号：逗号+but，粘连，猜测反义重复，瞥一眼第二个空，处于too.to.结构中，猜测先解决第二个空。第2-n 秒：读题：第二个空：desinger 太consevative 保守，以至于不能怎样previousstandards of beautiful,保守的人会赞美提倡previous standards,所以空格应该填E flout轻视，轻蔑轻视，在too.to.结构中表不能轻蔑不能轻视。第一个空：at first glance,目测今夕对比，且此对比与逗号+but 重叠，所以空格所在句应该反义重复逗号后面内容，逗号后面说co

27、nservative,所以空格应该表达不conservative 的概念，即创新，所以striking 令人震撼的正确。此题答案：BE.最后1 秒：点对点重复，满足公理，解题用定理2.1.,10.In failing to see that the justices pronouncement merely _ previous decisions rather than actually establishing a precedent,the novice law clerk_ the scope of the justices judgment.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A ne

28、glected D overemphasizedB overturned E nullifiedC qualified F underplay+,第1 秒：找符号：逗号+in failing to(介词短语)构成的粘连，猜测同义重复。第2 秒：先看第一个空，处于rather than 的对比结构中，所以第一个空格应该是establishing a precedent的取反，同时注意到特征词previous 与后面的establishing a precedent 建立新的东西 是常考一对儿词，这里previous应该表达过去广为接受的观点，服从过去的习俗、准则与建立新的标准相对，所以C qua

29、lified正确 证明原来的决定有资格就是引用原来的决定而非建立一个新的前所未有的先驱的意思。逗号后面同义重复前面的内容，in failing to see merely=扩大，所以D overemphasized 过度强调正确。此题答案：CD。最后1 秒：点对点重复,Seeming、Seemingly专题：1.seemingly 单独出现的时候，直接把他视作否定词not，不单独出现就是下面的情况。2.seemingly 表面上与actually、really、literally、inherently,only,appear 等一切表示实际上、内在上的、实际出现的状态等词连用时不做否定词not

30、 使用，也不翻译，actually、inherently所在句子与seemingly 所在句子的内容互为反义重复。相当于将seemingly，actually去掉，加上一个Although和逗号。,11.Although scientists claim that the seemingly_ language of their reports is more precise than the figurative language of fiction,the language of science,like all language,is inherently_.Blank(i)Blank

31、(ii)A ornamental D allusiveB subjective E unintelligibleC literal F complex,这道题属于填空里面的难题，前提先告诉大家三个词的关系（后面解释原因），literal 忠于原意的，体现精确，figurative 有比喻色彩的，体现不精确，allusive 引用典故的，体现不精确，所以literal 反义重复就是figurative 和allusive，figurative 同义重复就是allusive。,解题步骤：第1 秒：找符号：最后一个逗号+although 构成的转折粘连，猜测反义重复，猜测第一个空的答案在逗号后面或者

32、第二个空格的答案在逗号前面。第2-n 秒读题：第一个空：出现seemingly，去后文找有没有actually、inherently 等的词出现，啊，果然有inherently 出现，所以第二个空格就是第一个空格的点对点的反义重复，同时这个反义重复也是逗号+although 的转折重复的重叠，所以先解第一个空，比较结构，直接对figurative 比喻的取反，C literal 忠于原意的正确。第二个空：直接对literal 取反，就是figurative，从选项里找到其近义词D allusive 引用典故的正确，此题答案CD.最后1 秒钟：点对点重复，满足公理，解题用定理2.1.,12.Wi

33、thout seeming unworldly,William James appeared wholly removed from the _ of society,the conventionality of academe.(A)ethos(B)idealism(C)romance(D)paradoxes(E)commonplaces,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：逗号+without构成的分隔，猜测反义重复，猜测空格答案在逗号前面。第2-n秒：读题：seeming,后面有appear表实际，如果没有without,第一个逗号前后应该反义重复，即后面是unworldly 超脱的的反义重复，但

34、是因为有without，所以逗号后面变成unworldly 超脱的的同义重复，而remove from commonplaces表达超脱的，正表达这层意思，所以E commonplace平凡的正确。当然网上有很多说法说E 是重复conventionality的同义重复，直接选出选项，的确，这么做也对，但是如果只看到这点而前面的逻辑没理清楚的话，是没有理解这道题的。最后1秒：点对点重复，满足公理，解题用定理2.2.,转折专题：Although,这个结构中，在对逗号后面的句子是逗号前面句子的反义重复，相当于在逗号后面的谓语、宾语、宾补三个位置处加了1个或3个not.,13.Although the

35、 discovery of antibiotics led to great advances in clinical practice,it did not represent a _ bacterial illness,for there are some bacteria that cannot be _treated with antibiotics.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A breakthrough in D consistentlyB panacea for E effectivelyC resurgence of F efficiently仅在谓语转折一次。,(A)b

36、reakthroughin.consistently(B)panaceafor.effectively(C)neglectof.efficiently(D)reexaminationof.conventionally(E)resurgenceof.entirely,解题步骤：第1秒：找符号：逗号+although,粘连，猜测反义重复，逗号+for，粘连，猜测同义重复，猜测第二个空的答案在逗号前面，要解第二个空一定要知道前面内容，所以一定先解决第一个空，且答案应该由第一套粘连结构解决。第2-n秒：读题：第一个空：although分句说antibiotics抗生素led to great adva

37、nces，所空格所在句反义重复前面内容，所以应该表达这个antibiotics 没有great advances 不好的意思，所以第一个空选B panacea for万灵药，与without连起来构成不是万灵药的概念，正确。第二个空：由猜测知：空格所在句同义重复逗号前面内容，前面说抗生素不是万灵药，这里给出原因，表达有些细菌不能被抗生素有效地抑制，所以空格填E effectively有效地。此题答案BE.最后1秒：第一个空线对点重复，第二个空点对点重复，满足公理，解题用定理2.1.,14.Although the feeding activities of whales and walruse

38、s give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a devastated appearance,these activities seem to be actually _ to the area,_its productivity.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A beneficial D encumberingB detrimental E redirectingC superfluous F enhancing仅在宾语转折一次,解题步骤：第1 秒：找符号：逗号+although 构成的反义粘连，猜测反义重复。第2 秒：读题：前半句说sea floor

39、的devastated appearance,所以后半句反义重复逗号前的意思，devastated appearance 要表达的意思是feeding activities 是有害的，它的反面是有好处的，所以答案选A beneficial。第二个空，填一个现在分词，明显是要与空格前面的逗号构成分隔，那一定是同义重复喽，既然beneficial，那一定选褒义词Fenhancing。此题答案：AF。最后1 秒：点对点重复。,15.Although skeptics say financial problems will probably _ our establishing a base on t

40、he Moon;supporters of the project remain_,saying that human curiosity should overcome such pragmatic constraints.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A disabuse D pessimisticB hasten E enthusiasticC prevent F unconvinced主语变了，仅在宾语转折一次。,解题步骤：第1 秒：找符号：分号！竟然是分号！，我咋觉得应该是逗号呢？逗号+although 构成的反义粘连，猜测反义重复，猜测第一个空格答案在分号后面，逗号+sayin

41、g 构成的逗号+现在分词构成的分隔，猜测同义重复，猜测第二个空的答案在逗号后面，这种结构很典型，猜测解题顺序为，先解第二个空，再解第一个空。第2-n 秒：读题：由猜测知，应先解第二个空，空格是逗号后面这句话的线对点同义重复，逗号后面说，human curiosity 会突破限制，这个是正面的感情，是乐观的，所以看选项，只有E enthusiastic 充满热情的，是正面色彩且语义准确。再看第一个空，典型的although+remain 考法，绝大多数情况，直接在although 分句的空格里面填写表示程度下降的词，看选项C prevent 阻止符合题意。此题答案：CE。最后1 秒：线对点重复，

42、满足公理，解题用定理2.1 和2.2.,11.Although scientists claim that the seemingly_ literal_ language of their reports is more precise than the figurative language of fiction,the language of science,like all language,is inherently_ allusive _.主语变了 仅在宾语转折一次。,在明白了上面讲的符号解题法、一对儿词和特征词、seemingly专题、转折专题后，来接受绿皮填空中我认为最好的一道

43、题目，大boss来啦！,16.Personnel experts say that attractive benefits alone will not always keep _ executives from changing jobs for better long-range opportunities,but they think the enticements may deter many executives from accepting_ offers from other companies.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A dedicated D routineB am

44、bitious E superiorC experienced F advantageous,16.Personnel experts say that attractive benefits alone will not always keep _ executives from changing jobs for better long-range opportunities,but they think the enticements may deter many executives from accepting_ offers from other companies.Blank(i

45、)Blank(ii)A dedicated D routineB ambitious E superiorC experienced F advantageous好东西 没有阻止 好的经理 寻找 更好的工作机会好东西 阻止 不好的经理 寻找 的工作机会,三空题怎么做？看句号，句号把三空题分解成为3个单空or1个双空+1个单空！,OG:Easy,1.Dominant interests often benefit most from _ of governmental interference in business,since they are able to take care of the

46、mselves if left alone.A intensificationB authorizationC centralizationD improvisationE elimination,2.Kagan maintains that an infants reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development,not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or _ signs of adolescent anxiety.A pr

47、opheticB normalC monotonousD virtualE typical,3.An investigation that is _ can occasionally yield new facts,even notable ones,but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction.A timelyB unguidedC consistentD uncomplicatedE subjective,4.It is(i)_ that so man

48、y portrait paintings hang in art museums,since the subject matter seems to dictate a status closer to pictures in the family photo-graph album than to high art.But perhaps it is the artistic skill with which the portraits are painted that(ii)_ their presence in art museums.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A surpris

49、ing D challengesB understandable E justifiesC irrelevant F changes,5.In stark contrast to his later(i)_,Simpson was largely(ii)_politics during his college years,despite the fact that the campus he attended was rife with political activity.Blank(i)Blank(ii)A activism D devoted toB apathy E indiffere

50、nt toC affability F shaped by,6.As my eyesight began to _,I spent a lot of time writing about it both poems and“eye journals”describing what I saw as I looked out through damaged eyes.A deteriorateB sharpenC improveD declineE recoverF adjust,7.The judges standing in the legal community,though shaken