《豌豆语法12实词.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《豌豆语法12实词.ppt(30页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths,豌豆语法实词,豌豆群:7298916,一、名词名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gu
2、n。2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。,3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。,二、代词代词pronoun简称pron是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为
3、:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。1人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。是表示自身或人称的代词。人称代词可用作主语,表语,宾语以及介词。,2 物主代词:形容词性物主代词可用作定语,名词性物主代词的句法功能a.作主语,例如:May I use your pen?Yours works better.b.作宾语,例如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours.c.作介词宾语,例如:Your should interpret what I said in my sen
4、se of the word,not in yours.d.作表语,例如:The life I have is yours.,3 反身代词:反身代词可用作宾语,表语,主语的同位语和宾语的同位语。,4关系代词 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:限定性 非限定性 限定性 指人指物指人或指物主 格who which that宾 格 whomthat that属 格 whose of
5、 which/whose of which/whose,例如 This is the pencil whose point is broken.He came back for the book which he had forgotten.关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:He said he saw me there,which was a lie.说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如:Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.Hes changed.Hes not the man he was.5 疑问代词1
6、)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:指人:who,whom,whose指物:what既可指人又可指物:which,2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the Un
7、ited States?疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:I cant make out what he is driving at?Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?Much of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.,指示代词1)指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:单数复数限定词:This girl is Mary.Those men are my teacher
8、s.代词:This is Mary.Those are my teachers.2)指示代词的句法功能;a.作主语 This is the way to do it.b.作宾语 I like this better than that.c.作表语 My point is this.d.作介词宾语 I dont say no to that.There is no fear of that,注意:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:He admired that which looked beautiful.H
9、e admired those who looked beautiful.He admired those who danced well.7相互代词1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.,2)相互代词的句法功能:a.作动词宾语;People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。b.可作介词
10、宾语;Dogs bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:He put all the books beside each other.He put all the books beside one another.Usually these small groups were independent of each other相互代词可加-s构成所有格,例如:The
11、 students borrowed each others notes.,8不定代词:不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语,宾语,表语和定语。没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词,常用的不定代词如下:all,any,another,both,each,every,either,few,little,many,much,no,none,neither,one,other,some以及由 some,any,no,every 和 body,one,thing 构成的复合词。9连接代词:疑问代词在引起从句时,都称为连接代词,包括who,whom,whose,what,which
12、,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever,一共九个,即除了whose后不能加“-ever”后缀,其余都行。,主语从句:It hasnt been announced who won the prizesIt is clear enough what she meant.宾语从句:I dont care what they thinkAsk her which he wants.表语从句:The question is who(m)we should trust.What I want to know is which road we should take.状语
13、从句Wherever you go,whatever you do,I will be right here waiting for you.,三、动词表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。1实意动词:即行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种及物动词:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:I believe that the
14、 committee will consider our suggestionCrude oil contains many useful substances不及物动词:本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:My watch stoppedShe spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.,2系动词:系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。3最常用的助动词有:be,
15、have,do,shall,will,should,would)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。,四、形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。2叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afrai
16、d 害怕的。The man is ill.The girl is afraid.这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice,五、副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。1副词的位置:1)在动词之前。2)在be动词、助动词之后。3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意:a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句
17、子平衡。We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b.方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.,2副词的排列顺序:1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。I like English very much.注意:副词enough要放
18、在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.,六、数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。1基数词1)基数词写法和读法:345three hundred and forty-five;2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a.与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如 scor
19、es of people 指许多人;b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里;如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示几十岁;d.表示年代,用 in+the+数词复数;e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,2序数词序数词的缩写形式:first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st3 数词的用法1)倍数表示法 a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as I have three times as many as you.b.主语+谓语+倍数(分
20、数)+the size(amount,length)of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.,2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词
21、用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths,虚词:介词,连词,冠词,助动词,情态动词,感叹词一、介词1介词是一类虚词,不能独立作句子成分,必须与名词或代词等词类一起构成介词短语,才可以充当句子成分。介词在句子中一般不重读。2、介词的种类 简单介词 例如:at,in,on,under,of,after,over,past等。复合介词 例如:into,onto,throughout,without,within,nearby等。短语介词 例如:in front of,because of,instead of,according
22、 to,out of等。,3介词短语的用法 在句子中作表语 Mary and John are from Australia.在句子中充当后置定语 The young man under the tree is my friend Li Ming.在句子中作状语 Our library keeps open from eight oclock in the morning to nine oclock in the evening.在句子中作宾语补足语 She found herself in a strange room when she woke up.在句子中作介词的宾语 Its sai
23、d that the secret is from inside the well.,二、连词连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then等等。There is no air or water in the moon.Not only does h
24、e like reading stories,but also he can even write some.Neither you nor he is to blame.He hurt his leg,so he couldnt play in the game.,三、冠词 是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示名词的数量或者特征。冠词分为不定冠词a,an、定冠词the和零冠词(/)三种,零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指、类指,定冠词表示特指、专指、类指,零冠词表示泛指人或事物、类指。
25、不定冠词1 用于可数名词的单数形式之前,表示一 There is a tiger in the zoo。2 表示一类人或事物。A tiger can be dangerous.3 表示某一个的意思。A gentleman wants to see you.巧计定冠词the用法歌诀:特指双方熟悉,上文已经提起。世上独一无二,方位名词乐器。某些专有名词,还有复数姓氏。序数词最高级,习惯用语牢记,四、助动词1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来表示时态,例如:He has got married.表示语态,例如:He was sent to England.构成疑问句,例如:Did you study English before you came here?加强语气,例如:He did know that.3)最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,