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1、第四讲,正确选择词义,Diction,Diction措辞，用词定义Polysemy一词多义Methods方法,Diction的定义,Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.措辞意即对原始文本正确理解的基础上如何正确选定译入语词语的使用。,1.英汉词字对应关系,1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词，技术词汇等，如:Marxism=马克思主义Aspirin 阿斯匹林激光=laser白血病=leukemia 这些词语已约定俗成，
2、不可随意更改名称的选用。2）多种同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，但色彩意义不同的对应词，如：wife：妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、那口子president:总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长、执事,3）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词，如：cousin:堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿、远亲、同胞等.carry:搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧、具有、包含.4）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生，也即是一组词义相近的词
3、，根据不同的上下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个 如：英语中的say,speak,talk,tell与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系5）无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的对应关系。teenager:十三至十九岁的青少年（解释）prey:被捕食的动物、猎物、牺牲品（解释）hacker：黑客（音译）,2词义辨析,词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。一般来讲，词典给出的词义解释五花八门，无从定夺。在这样的情况下，可以从四个方面来处理英语词语的具体含义：根据构词法辨别词义可以根据词的前后缀，词根、词干来辨析词义；如:miniultrasonicprober=m
4、ini（微型的）+ultra（超）+sonic（声音的）+prober（探测器）；即：微型超声波探测仪macrospacetransship=macro（巨型的）+space（太空）+trans（转运）+ship（船）；即：巨型空间转运飞船,2)根据指代关系辨别词义,根据人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等来辨析词义；如:(1)He father sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子（他）出类拔萃。(2)Health is above wealth,for th
5、is cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或:因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)但汉语更习惯将英语的指示代词明确说明，使用重复法。,3)根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义,语境分析(contextual analysis)是翻译的重要手段，没有一定的上下文(context)，翻译就无从着手。如下面一例：Tension is building up.根据不同上下文的具体情况，可分别将其译作：(1)形势紧张起来。(2)张力在增大。(3)电压在增加。(4)压力在增强。(5)血压在增高。(6).,再如sto
6、ry一词的翻译,(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2)It is quite another story now.(3)Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4)Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5)The girls story is one of the saddest.(6)A young man came to Scottis off
7、ice with a story.(7),but officials refused to confirm the story.(8)The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,在不同的上下文中，以上8个story在各句中分别具有8种不同的含义：(1)事件(2)情况(3)内部信息(4)说法(5)遭遇(6)案子(7)消息(8)报道以上各句可分别译作:(1)这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。(2)现在的情况完全不同了。(3)有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。(4)如果
8、这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。(5)那个姑娘的遭遇算最惨的了。(6)一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。(7)但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。(8)报道中对他的渲染减少了，不久就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。,Examples(1),This general was charged with treason.这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work.委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项工作。As soon as the moment for the general offensiv
9、e arrived,the soldiers charged the enemy position bravely.总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。She complained that she had been charged too much.她抱怨说，向她收费太高了。,Examples(2),The power in place,he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in charge.火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。This store will charge things you buy,and let you
10、pay for them later.这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。Having charged the battery,he set the engine in motion.电池充电后，他启动了马达。,Polysemy-一词多义,It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings.Faith said,“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”每一个词语在新的语境就具有不同的词性和意义。E.g.run-Websters
11、New World Dictionary of the American Language(the 2nd College Edition),Run,v.intr.（不及物动词）1.To move swiftly on foot so that both feet leave the ground during each stride.跑，奔2.To move at a fast gallop.Used of a horse.奔驰：飞跑，疾驰。用于指马3.To retreat rapidly;flee:快速撤退；逃跑：The thief seized the money and ran.小偷抓
12、了钱就跑。4.To move without hindrance or restraint:跑来跑去：自由自在地走动：These dogs always run loose.这些狗总是自由地活动。5.To keep company:结伴，交往：He runs with a wild crowd.他与一群野蛮的人为伴。,6.To go or move about from place to place;roam:走动；游荡：I am always running about,looking for my glasses.我一直在到处走，寻找我的眼镜。7.To migrate,especially
13、 to move in a shoal in order to spawn.Used of fish.洄游：尤指为产卵而在浅滩游动，用于指鱼。8.To move or go quickly;hurry:赶走，赶紧：赶快：run for the police 赶快去找警察ran for help 赶快去求救9.To go when in trouble or distress:投靠：遇麻烦或消沉时去：He is always running to his lawyer.他总是去咨询他的律师。10.To make a short,quick trip or visit:跑一趟（很短的距离）：到很近
14、的地方去一会或拜访一下：ran next door to borrow a cup of sugar 去隔壁借一杯糖ran down to the store 去一趟百货店,11.To take part in a race or contest:参加比赛ran in the marathon 参加马拉松12.To compete in a race for elected office:竞选ran for mayor 竞选市长13.To finish a race in a specified position:获得ran second 获得亚军14.To move freely,on or
15、 as if on wheels:行驶The car ran downhill.汽车驶向下坡。15.To be in operation:开动，运转：The engine is running.发动机正常运转。,Methods 翻译方法,Based on the speech of the word词性选择Based on the context and the logical relations文本逻辑关系Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term词语的褒贬Collocation 词语的搭配关系,Based on the Speech
16、of the Word,Your account of what happened is not quite right.你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。Go right on until you reach the church.一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。Its my right of way,so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it.我有优先通行权。She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。
17、,Based on the Context and the Logical Relations,Verbal Context-time context,place context,cultural background.E.g.George passed.,Verbs(1),We passed another town before daylight.go through by我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。I used to pass the whole evening that way.以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。Now the moment has passed.现在已经错过机会了。,Ver
18、bs(2),If I kept on reading,that feeling would pass.如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会消失。That vessel will soon be passing us.那只船就要和我们相遇了。We know what was passing in his mind.我们知道他心理在想什么。,We passed our hands over the fabric.pass a ribbon around a package.The officers passed their troops in review before the general.He
19、passed his winter in Vermont.The legislature passed the bill.The inheritance passed my wildest dreams.If you pass the new photographs in the collection,youll miss some outstanding ones.Luckily the kidney stone passed before she had to be hospitalized.,我们用手摩挲着这块布。把丝带缠在包裹上。在阅兵大典中，军官指挥他们的部队经过将军面前接受检阅。他
20、在佛蒙特度过了冬季。立法机关通过了这项议案。这份遗产超出了我最漫无边际的梦想。如果你不注意这一影集中的新相片，你就错过了一些杰作。幸好这个肾结石在她必须住院之前化掉了。,Adjective(1),It was a good dinner.这是一个丰盛的宴会。He proved to be a good listener.他这个人善于倾听别人说话。Tom must be a good football player.汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。,Adjective(2),I cant find good words for it.我找不到合适的语言来表达。It was a good mornin
21、g;there were high white clouds above the mountain.这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。The checks are all good,of course.当然，这些支票是完全有效的。,Adjective(3),Each time he gave the bartender a good tip.每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。I do not speak without good evidence.我不会说没有可靠根据的话。It was a good paper.这是一家声誉很高的报纸。,Is this a good dress for the
22、 party?The milk is still good.a good tooth.a good student.good books.good taste.ruined the familys good name.good features.a good nights rest.a good machinist.good wives,穿这件裙子去跳舞合适吗?这瓶牛奶还能喝。健康的牙齿优秀的学生好书好的鉴赏力沾污了家族的好名声美貌有益健康的夜间休息熟练的机械师,a good workout 完整的训练a good investment 可靠的投资a good reason 正当的理由a go
23、od dollar bill 真的美元纸币a drivers license that is still good.驾驶执照仍然有效Im good for another round of golf.我能再打一局高尔夫球。Is she good for the money that you lent her?她能把你借给她的钱还给你吗?He is always good for a laugh.他总是逗人发笑。,翻译以下例子:1.good saying 2.good boy3.good child 4.good contract 5.good debt 6.good eggs7.good ey
24、esight 8.Good heavens!9.good father 10.good features 11.good friend 12.good table13.good idea 14.good investment15.good joke 16.good looks 17.good luck 18.good manners19.good match 20.good mother 21.good neighbor 22.good reason23.good soil 24.good teacher,1.good saying 名 言 2.good boy 乖孩子3.good child
25、 孝子 4.good contract 有效的合同5.good debt 有把握收回的债6.good eggs 新鲜鸡蛋7.good eyesight 正常的视力 8.Good heavens!天啊!9.good father 慈父 10.good features 漂亮的相貌11.good friend 挚友 12.good table 美餐13.good idea 妙计 14.good investment 可靠的投资15.good joke 有趣的笑话 16.good looks 美貌17.good luck 鸿运 18.good manners得体的举止19.good match 佳偶
26、、劲敌 20.good mother良母21.good neighbor 睦邻 22.good reason充足的理由23.good soil 肥沃的土地 24.good teacher良师,Noun(1),We can make out the meaning of the word from the context.我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。It is
27、 in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born.撒哈拉悲剧正在这种情况下发生。,Noun(2),We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit.我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。In this context,Ive to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world.就此而论，我不得
28、不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。,“Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.”合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。Jonathan Swift,Others,此外，英语中有些词固定搭配相同，由于上下文不同，句意可能发生变化，必须进行逻辑判断，以求对原文词义正确理解和翻译。,Examples(1),He traveled to foundling homes,prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people wi
29、th extraordinary heads,and in time built up a huge catalogue of the relationship between particular mental characteristics and bumps on the skull.他走访了育婴堂、监狱、精神病院，去寻找头型特殊的人，同时积累起大批资料，记载特殊的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。I know you think I am talking nonsense,but in time you will realize that was right.我知道你认为我在胡说八道
30、，但你将来终究会理解我说的话是对的。,Examples(2),We have been working all day.We must have a break.我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。Suddenly the line went limp.“I am going back.”Said Smith.“We must have a break somewhere.Wait for me.Ill be back in five minutes.”引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”,Based on the Commendatory
31、Term or Derogatory Term,任何语言都有语体之分，有文雅、通俗、粗野；还有俚语、公文语以及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻划人物性格特征。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。翻译注意五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。,词语的轻重,shine 照耀；指光的稳定发射glitter 闪光，闪耀；指光的不稳定发射glare 耀眼；表示光的高强度sparkle 发火光，冒火星；指发射微细的光度twinkle 闪烁；指轻快有节奏地闪烁,词义的范围和侧重不同,agriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生
32、产过程，包括的范围最广farming 指农业的实践，种田活动cultivation 指农作物的栽培技术，耕作法agronomy 指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践，科学农业,模拟动作情状不同,Walk 走，走路，强调散步Saunter 悠然自得地走,闲逛,漫步Amble 从容不迫地走,缓行,溜达Stride 大踏步地走Trudge 步履艰难地走,跋涉Traipse 懒散疲乏地走,闲逛,长途跋涉Shamble 蹒跚地走,拖沓地走Prance 昂首阔步地走,欢腾Scamper 蹦蹦跳地走,奔跳Clump 拖着沉重的脚步走,词语的感情色彩,to expire 逝世(断气)to pass away
33、去世to close(end)ones day 寿终to breathe ones last 咽气，短气to go west 归西天，一命呜呼to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉to give up the ghost 见阎王to kick the bucket 翘辫子to kick up ones heels 蹬腿，翘脚to lay down ones knife and fork 不吃饭 to play over 玩完,根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(1),They incited him to
34、go into further investigation他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。,根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(2),The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。An aggressive country is always ready to start a war.一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。An agg
35、ressive young man can go far in this firm.一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。,Collocation,任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。,Examples(1),That beat me.真把我难住了。We can beat him.我们可以打败他。He was cursing to beat the band.他骂了个痛快淋漓。beat the band美俚作状语用精力充沛地,超过一切地 猛烈地,出众,显眼,Examples(2),These constant chan
36、ges in the weather beat me.这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。He can beat me in mathematics.他的数学比我高明千万倍。It beats me how he did it.我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。,Examples(3),The long tramp beats me.长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。I beat the truth out of him.我从他那里探出了真实情况。They beat their swords into plowshares.他们化剑为犁。The sun continued to beat on them.太阳还是热得炙人。,总结,Diction-翻译实践中,词语的选择非一日之功,非经年累月之锤炼不可;此举并非仅关乎词汇量的多少,更是对于所掌握的词汇在特定情境下,特定文化习俗风格褒贬情况下的灵活掌控;词语的选择是语感的一面镜子!,
