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1、（2）翻译中的矛盾,1）理解与表达2）准确与通顺3）直译与意译,1）理解与表达,It may be said that comprehension is the prerequisite of representation and representation is the result of comprehension.The original is the starting point and the only basis for translation.Without exact comprehension of the true sense of the original,there
2、can not be accurate translation.,In doing translation,the first thing one faces is to comprehend the source language.A translator must be very clear about the sense of each word,each phrase,each sentence and each paragraph.A hazy notion can surely lead to mistranslation.,How to acquire a profound co
3、mprehension,Whenever you get an article to translate,youd better read it through to the end,so as to have a general idea of the whole piece.Then you have to try to know the background knowledge as much as possible.Good dictionaries are absolutely needed,including not only English-Chinese dictionarie
4、s,but also English-English dictionaries.New words have to be looked up in dictionaries;words which are not new to you may have new meanings in a certain context.,When you begin translating the piece,the sentence structure must be made clear to you.That is to say,make a clear grammatical analysis of
5、each sentence,long sentences in particular.A thorough understanding of the sentence structure is not enough.You are required to make sure of the meaning of the words.No context,no text.Sometimes from the context,the meaning of a word may be figured out.,EX.1（准确把握词汇）,We are confident that under your
6、able and wise leadership the Council will arrive at the right conclusion consonant with the prevailing situation.To that end,we pledge our fullest cooperation and wish you and the Council all success.我们相信，在你英明干炼的领导下，安理会将作出符合当前形势的正确结论。最后，我们保证全力合作，并祝你和安理会圆满成功。为此目的 在一切工作中,EX.2,“Isnt that the President
7、Clinton?”he is supposed to have asked a gentleman sitting beside him.“那不是克林顿总统吗？”据说他当时这样问过坐在他身边的先生。,EX.3,If you have young children in class,make sure your children use the bathroom before class,so as to make them more comfortable and help class move more smoothly.教学班上带小孩子的家长，一定要在课前让他们上厕所。这样他们会比较安心，
8、教学得以正常进行。,EX.4（准确把握上下文）,They were Wens welcoming party.(context)A few minutes before Blair boarded the aircraft,four senior Chinese officials entered the plane.They were Wens welcoming party.They had been in the capital for three days,but had remained in seclusion.他们是温总理派来专程迎接布莱尔的人员。,EX.5,They belie
9、ve that there has been overemphasis on the“number game”of increasing the number of words a person can“run through”per minute.他们认为人们过于强调了字数，也就是增加每分钟一个人能阅读的单词数。,EX.6,Well,look at the facts.The police have your passport and will be searching for you;Stefan and Mark will be looking for you;youll be want
10、ed for burglary-not to mention kidnapping-and have you noticed the interesting passengers weve acquired?好吧，咱们看看目前的状况：警察拿着你的护照要追查你，斯蒂芬和马克在寻找你，会因为盗窃且不说绑架而缉拿你。你注意到没有，我们弄到车上的是些多么重要的人吗？,EX.7（理解要靠广博的知识）,and that government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.-Gettysb
11、urg Address 并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办事的政权在世界上永远存在。,EX.8,It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.我觉得煮鹅用什么酱油，煮公鹅也要用什么酱油。我认为应该一视同仁。,2）准确与通顺,Accuracy and smoothness are consistent with each other.There should be dialectical unity between the two.Accuracy serves
12、 as the basis,for an inaccurate version,however smooth it may be,is bad.And the other way round,a version which is not smooth is certain not to be faithful to the original,for a smooth version with accuracy can express exact meaning of the source language.,Examples:(accuracy without smoothness)1,Mr.
13、Beg quickly returned to his office and filed an urgent story to his newspaper in London,little realizing that he was about to become part of a new journalistic legend on Fleet Street.贝格连忙赶回办公室，向伦敦社发表了一条急电，没有想到他自己就要成为伦敦新闻界最新的新闻传说的一部分。没有想到，这件事后来在舰队街传为新闻界的美谈。,Example:2,This nations best-loved author wa
14、s every bit as adventurous,patriotic,romantic and humorous as anyone has ever imagined.这位全国最受热爱的作家完全象任何人以往想象的那样冒险、爱国、浪漫和幽默。这位在全国最受欢迎的作家的探索精神、爱国思想、浪漫风格和幽默感，丝毫不亚于人们所能想象的程度。,Example:3,Petroleum is not normally used today in the crude state.a.今天石油不经常以原油的形式被使用。b.在正常条件下，石油是不用作原油状态的。c.石油在今天通常不以原油的形式来使用。d.现
15、在人们通常不使用未加工的石油。,Examples:(smoothness without accuracy),The goods were handed over for disposal against payment by the customer.商品交给顾客，不用付钱。商品卖给顾客，是要付钱的。We cleaned the room against your coming.我们把房间打扫干净等待你的到来。,How to give an exact representation after you have acquired accurate comprehension,But they
16、(doctors)said they can not learn which persons face the most danger until permanent hearing damage has been done.但是，他们说，他们无法知道，在永久性听觉损伤出现之前，哪些人面临的危险最大。但他们说，只有在形成了永久性听觉障碍之后，才能知道谁面临的危险最大。,3）直译与意译,Both literal translation and free translation are widely adopted translation methods.Both are good and hav
17、e their own advantages.It is hard to say which is preferable.One thing that must be made clear is that literal translation is by no means word-for-word mechanical translation.Translation disregarding accuracy is actually no translation.,什么是直译？,既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译就叫直译。就一篇文章或一本书来说，直译的成分较少。直译可以保留原文的比喻形象，
18、民族色彩等，但行文应规范。,什么是意译？,不受原文词语的限制，不拘泥于原文句子的结构，用不同于原文的表达方法，把原文意思表达出来，这就是意译。,什么样的句子应该直译，什么样的句子用意译更好呢？我门应该掌握这样一条原则：,“Translate literally,if possible,or appeal to free translation.”“能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。”,Ex.1,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problem
19、s evaporate.砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。,Ex.2,For Kino and Juana this was the morning of mornings of their lives,comparable only to the day when the baby had been born.在基诺和胡安娜看来，这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨，只有宝宝出生的那天才可与之媲美。基诺和胡安娜认为，这一天非常重要。,EX.1,Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen
20、.不要等马被盗后，才去锁厩门。不要贼走关门。,Ex.2,I gave my youth to the sea and I came home gave her(my wife)my old age.我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了妻子。我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家见到妻子时已经是白发苍苍了。,Ex.3,They dont know their right hand from their left.他们分不清这是自己的右手还是左手。他们什么也不知道。,EX.4,When Jean graduated from high school,she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.琼高中毕业的时候，是戴着玫瑰色的眼镜看周围的一切的。琼高中毕业的时候，她把一切事情看得太简单太容易了。,
