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1、汉英语言结构差异,洋汉学家们的笑话,胡适先生，驰骋文坛。,一诺千金,连中三元,月是故乡明,经常在写字桌上跑马。,只要一答应，就要付一千美金,三块大洋连在当中,家乡除了月亮还发光外，其他一片漆黑,意合与形合动态与静态分析与综合,意合与形合,意合与形合意合，是指句子的连接使用的是语义手段，句子成分的结合靠的是语义的贯通，语法意义和逻辑关系隐含在字里行间，既所谓的以神笼形。形合，是指句子的连接使用的是语言形式手段，即借助句法和词汇手段，以表达语法意义和逻辑关系。汉语句子结构是典型的意合型，而英语句子则是典型的形合型。,汉语句子则以时间的先后顺序，事理推移为准，用连动句、流水句表明各句间的关系。汉语很
2、少或几乎不用关系词和连接词。所以，英译汉时要先分析句子的结构、形式，以确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，则要先分析句子的功能、意义，再确定其结构、形式。,她们妯娌吵架，不巧被我撞见了。I chanced to be present when the sister-in-laws were having a quarrel.,1 译成带从句的英语句子,小女孩的外婆送给她一顶红帽子，她走到哪儿都带着它，于是人们就叫她小红帽。Then little girls grandmother sent her a red hat,which she wore wherever she went.Hence,s
3、he was called Little Red Hat.,2 译成带介词短语的英语句子,好不容易才说服她，照我的想法办。With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.,我曾多次看见他画小鸡，毛茸茸，很可爱；也见过他画的鱼鹰，水是绿的，钻进水里的，很生动。On several occasions I watched him paint fluffy little chickens and vivid cormorants with their heads in clear green water.,3 译成带分词或
4、不定式结构的英语句子,只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。Leaning down to hear the little girl,the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.,必须采取措施，改善投资环境，切实制止对企业乱摊派、乱收费的错误做法。Measures to improve investment environment must be taken,and,above all,to check improper practices,such as burdening enterprises with extra
5、 expenses and collecting unreasonable fees from them.,4 译成带复合结构的英语句子,酒不醉人人自醉。It is not wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.,形势逼人，不进则退。Given to this pressing situation,we must move forward,or we will fall behind.,练习,二十岁的时候，我想出名要趁早，一个人到了三十岁还籍籍无名那还活个什么劲啊？三十岁之后，名是不指望了，只是希望在四十岁的时
6、候能像我老板一样有钱。At the age of twenty,its better to be famous before its too late,I believed.What would be the spice of life for a person deserted by fame when approaching thirty?After thirty,fame seems still beyond reach,yet being as rich as my boss at forty becomes my new dream.,巧用介词和连接词,小结,汉语重意合，连接成分“尽
7、在不言中”，句群组合讲求流洒铺排，疏放迭进；英语重形合，具有实在意义的形合连接成分一般不能省略，讲求环环相扣，严密紧凑。因此汉英翻译的过程就是从“形散神聚”中分析条理，然后“以形驭意”使诸般条理各就各位的过程。,动态与静态,汉语的动词化英语的名词化动静转换,连动式兼语式,并列式从属式,动词连用是汉语常见的现象，汉语的连动式与兼语式包括两个或两个以上的动词。连动式是指两个或两个以上的动词与同一个主语发生主谓关系。兼语式是指谓语有两个动词，前一个动词的宾语，也是后一个动词的主语，前后两个动词不共用一个主语。因为动词的使用不受形态变化的制约，使用起来相当灵活、自由、简便，所以大量的句子都可以不止使用
8、一个动词，这种动词优势使得汉语的表达呈现动态结构。,汉语的动态倾向表现,紫娟答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盘而放在桌上，开了套间的房门出来，仍旧带上门，放下赏花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。Zijuan,assenting hurried out to fetch a clean spittoon,placing the used one on the table in the outer room.Having closed the door behind her,she let down the soft flowered portiere before going to wake Xu
9、eyan.,连动式,连动式的翻译并列式：表示先后关系连动式，可以将几个动词都译成谓语动词，按照原文的先后顺序，用and连接。或者将其中表示次要意思的动词译为英语中的现在分词，作伴随状语.,他立刻坐下来开了一张支票。你去教室把他叫来。我悄悄地披上了大衣，带上门出去了。我吃完早饭，就去上班了。,He immediately sat down and made out a check.Go to the classroom and call him back.Shrugging on an overcoat,I made my way out,closing the door behind me.H
10、aving finished my breakfast,I went out to work.,从属式：第一种情况，表示目的、手段关系的连动式，可以把前面一个动词（表示手段的词）译作谓语，而后一个动词（表示目的词，）则用不定式译作目的状语.,他们跑过去欢迎代表。我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。我们可以派车去接你。,They ran over to welcome the delegates.I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.We can send a car over to fetch you.,第
11、二种情况，表示方式、状态的连动式，将表示方式、状态的词，译成分词和介词短语，而表示结果的词译为谓语。,他们热烈鼓掌欢迎来宾。他双手抱膝坐在地上。她坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。,They welcomed the guests with warm applause.He sat on the floor,hands around knees.Seated on a stone beside the stream,she wiped her perspiring face with her tunic.,兼语式的翻译翻译成补足语：可以把兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的补足语，用不定式、介
12、词短语、形容词、介词、副词、分词和名词充当。,在会上他们邀请我发言。他们推他为主席。他一定会帮助我们渡过难关。她能听见雨敲打着窗子。我们必须使房子保持清洁。,At the meeting they invited me to speak.They made him their chairman.He is sure to help us through.She could hear the rain pattering against the window.We must keep the room clean.,翻译成“促使、致使”：利用英语中表示“促使、致使”意思的动词翻译汉语的兼语式。他
13、的孩子在聚会上表现得很差，使他觉得很丢脸。我可以陪你回家吗？他驱车在暴风雨中前进。这样做会让她不高兴的。,make,let,That his children behaved badly at the party much embarrassed him.May I bring you home?He fostered his car on through the storm.To do that will displease her.,翻译成状语：如果第一个动词为“表扬、批评、埋怨、责怪、称赞”则将第二个动词翻译成英语的状语从句和短语。她责备孩子迟迟不回家。她赞扬女儿工作勤劳。附近的居民们一
14、致赞成市政委员会作出关闭这座小印染厂的决定。,She reproached her child for staying out late.She praised her daughter for her hard work.The residents in the neighborhood all applauded the council as it decided to close the small dye factory.,英语的名词化,英语的名词化名词化，即用名词表达原来属于动词所表达的概念，是英语常见的现象。如用抽象名词表达动作、行为变化、状态、品质、情感等概念，使得表达简洁、准确
15、。整个城市披上了节日盛装。医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查的病人，因此病人很快就康复。,The whole city is in holiday array.The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.,除了用抽象名词表示行为、动作等概念外，还常用含有行为、动作意义的普通名词代替动词。汉语则由动词加后缀构成的名词用来指人（如听众、观众、读者、打字员），不再表示行为、动作。英汉互译时，需要将英语
16、中此类名词译成汉语动词。计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。他能吃能睡。其父虽善游，其子岂遽善游哉!吕氏春秋那些照片使我想起了童年。,The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.Hes a good eater and a good sleeper.But it does not follow that the son of a good swimmer can swim.Those photos served as the reminder of my childhood.,1 英语
17、多用名词的结果，造成介词的优势。英语中常用介词短语取代动词短语，以“静”带“动”。机器正在运行。他最近在忙着写毕业论文。说完这些话，他便走开了。,动静转换(1),The machine is in operation.Hes been on his dissertation these days.With these words he went away.,2 使用英语名词翻译汉语动词对汉字的结构、发展史有所了解有助于大家学汉语。Some knowledge about the structure and history of Chinese character is helpful for
18、your study of the language.,动静转换(2),哈佛大学，不管它如何自命不凡，终究还是个学府圣地，在那里把问题看错了，无非丢脸而已，总不至于完蛋。Harvard,despite its own estimate of itself,was ultimately an academic heaven where an error of interpretation could result only in a loss of face,not in extinction.,3 使用英语形容词翻译汉语动词,那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。That fellow is very
19、 talkative.他读书时不加选择。He was indiscriminate in reading.他们迫切地想得到消息。They are news-hungry.,动静转换(3),分析语与综合语,汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时”的变化，而英语的时态主要通过屈折变化。因此，汉英翻译时要注意动词时态的正确选择。,二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。（萧红永久的憧憬和追求）When I was twenty,I fled home.Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.,时态,我本来是个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄成这么人见人嫌。I was a modest,good-humored boy;it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.,Thank you!,
