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1、英汉翻译理论与实践,主讲蔡子亮,翻译理论与实践,汉译英主谓的定位 汉语连动式 和兼语式的译法,汉语的特点之一，就是有些句子往往连用两个或更多的动词，中间不用任何关联词语。英语则不然。所以，汉译英时经常会遇到如何处理谓语中几个动词连用的问题。汉语中两个或两个以上的动词连用，构成复杂谓语。复杂谓语有两种类型：连动式和兼语式。,汉语连动式的特点：两个或两个以上的动词，与同一主语发生主谓关系。连动式的这两个或两个以上的动词所表示的动作、行为，在顺序上不能变动，否则语义改变，或事理不通。试比较：他开门出去。他出去开门。她出去买东西。她买东西出去。,兼语式的特点是：谓语有两个动词，前一动词的宾语兼作后一动
2、词的主语，前后两个动词不共一个主语。其结构是:由动宾词组套接主谓词组构成的。她 叫 我 去。(动)(宾-主)(谓),汉语的连动式：,连动式的几个动词之间虽没有关联词语，但在意义上却有一定的关系：有的表示目的与手段，有的表示原因与结果，有的则只表示行为动作的先后。因此，在翻译连动式时，首先必须正确判断几个动词在意义上的相互关系。,然后根据英语的特点，将表示主从关系的连动式里的主要动词译成英语的谓语，将其他动词译成不定式、分词、介词或介词短语。如果连动式里的几个动词只表示动作先后关系，则按动作发生的先后，译成几个并列的谓语动词。,连动式的几种译法：,表示先后关系的连动式:1)通常将几个动词都译成并
3、列的谓语动词，按原文中的先后顺序，用and加以连接。例如：他把书接过来摆在大腿上。He took the book and laid it on his lap.那位军官放下杯子站了起来。The officer put down his glass and stood up.,2)第一个动词也可以用分词结构来译。她打开抽屉拿出词典来。Opening the drawer she took out a dictionary.他到了车站发现火车已经开走了。Arriving at the station,he found that the train had left.他备好了课开始写日记。Havi
4、ng prepared his lessons,he began to write up his diary.,表示手段、目的关系的连动式:1)通常是把前一个动词，即表示手段的动词译成谓语，而后一个动词即表示目的的词，则用不定式译成目的状语。例如：去年我和弟弟回乡去看朋友。Last year I went home with my brother to visit my friends.早在1938年他就去延安学习。As early as in 1938 he went to Yenan to study.他到班长那儿请了个假。He went to the squad leader to as
5、k for leave.,2)第二个动词有时也可以用含目的的意义的介词来译。例如：他当时只好写信向她要钱。He had to write to her for some money.她回房间去取钥匙。She went back to her room for the key.这年头，谁敢下乡去收租米？Who dare go down into the villages for rent these days?,有些连动式，前一个动作表示后一个动作的方式，两者形成主从关系。通常把后一个动作译成谓语，前一个表方式动作译成分词或介词短语。例如：他们热烈鼓掌欢迎日本来宾。They welcomed t
6、he Japanese guests with warm applause.不久，他捧着那本书回来了。Very soon he came back,holding that book in his hand.,但是，连动式的译法要根据英语表达习惯，灵活处理，有时也可使用其它方法。例如：她站在门口笑。She grinned standing at the door.（不符合英语习惯）She stood at the door,grinning.,再如：人民起来反抗压迫。The people rose against oppression.我们应当起来捍卫真理。We should come for
7、ward in defence of truth.我到他办公室拜访了他。I called on him in his office.她1933年到上海定居。She settled in Shanghai in 1933,兼语式的基本译法：,根据英语的SVOC(主语+谓语+宾语+补语)句型把汉语兼语式的第二个动词译作英语的宾语补足语(不定式、介词短语、形容词、介词、副词、分词或名词来充当)。,1）当兼语式的第一个动词是：“使、叫、让、教、劝、派、命令、鼓励、禁止、防止”等时，英译时，通常其宾语补足语是由不定式来充当的。例如：我请他教我法语。I asked him to teach me Fren
8、ch.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.我要让他自己解决这个问题。Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.,再如：我们都劝他戒烟。We all advised him to give up smoking.有时英语的宾语补足语也可由介词短语来充当。例如：他迫使对方处于守势。He drove/forced his opponent into a defensive position.地震使所有的房子都成了废墟。T
9、he earthquake reduced/brought all the houses to ruins.,在翻译这类兼语式时，宾语补足语有时还可以用形容词、副词或分词。例：你妈妈叫你马上回去。Your mother wants you back home at once.我们必须使房子保持整洁。We must keep the room clean and tidy.什么事使你这么样激动？What made you so excited?有时还可以用名词。例：我们选他为区人大代表。We elected him a deputy to the district people congress
10、.,2）兼语式中的第一个动词，如果是“领导”、“率领”、“组织”等词，第二个动词只有译成介词短语，才符合英语习惯。例如：党是能够领导农民走上社会主义道路的。The Party is capable of leading the peasants along the socialist road.检票员领他到座位上。The usher took him to his seat.他们组织工人加入了工会。They have organized the workers into trade unions.,3）此外，兼语式的第一个动词如果是表示生理上感觉的动词时，也常按照英语SVOC的句型来翻译。例如
11、：她觉得房子在摇动。She felt the house shaking.她听到孩子在摇篮里哭。She heard the baby crying in the cradle.我们看着他拿起门闩，在门口停了一会。We saw him lift the latch and pause for a moment in the doorway.,4）兼语式的第一个动词如果是“责怪、埋怨、批评、表扬”等，常可将第二个动词译成英语中表示原因的短语或从句。例如：报上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活。Newspapers criticized the author because he failed to p
12、resent a true picture of life in his works.指挥员表扬他有勇气。The commander praised him for his courage.她责备孩子迟迟不回家。She reproached her child for staying out late.,5）英语中有大量的含有“致使”、“促成”意义的动词，有时为了句子简练有力，常利用这类动词来翻译汉语兼语式谓语。例如：这真叫我吃惊！It did surprise me!这会使孩子们高兴的。That will please the children.,再如：这暴行使全世界公众舆论感到震惊。Thi
13、s outrage shocked the world opinion.经济的腾飞使中国在国际事务中发挥着越来越重要的作用。The booming economy enables China to play a more and more important role in the world affairs.她优美的歌声令听众如醉如痴。The singers beautiful voice enraptured the audience.,6）很多情况下，兼语式的英译需根据上下文和英语习惯灵活处理。例如：我劝你还是投案自首，以求宽大处理。Youd better surrender yours
14、elf to the police in the hope of being accorded lenient treatment.当局禁止该影片上映。The film came under the ban of censor.您叫我到哪儿去？But where can I go?小姐，我劝您少管闲事。Young lady,youd better mind your own business.,试译以下句子：,1.他在野外呆了三天处理这个案件。2.老师表扬她乐于助人。3.他请假坐飞机回家探亲了。4.他拉过一把椅子放在客人的背后。5.有五十多个国家决定派代表团出席大会。6.我要带孩子到街上去走走
15、。7.她抱住女儿的头痛哭起来。,1.他在野外呆了三天处理这个案件。He was out in the field on the case for three days.2.老师表扬她乐于助人。The teacher praised her because she is always ready to help.3.他请假坐飞机回家探亲了。He asked for leave to go home by air to see his family.4.他拉过一把椅子放在客人的背后。He drew up a chair and placed it behind the visitor.,5.有五十
16、多个国家决定派代表团出席大会。More than fifty countries decided to send their delegations to the conference.6.我要带孩子到街上去走走。I will take my child to the street for a walk.7.她抱住女儿的头痛哭起来。Hugging her daughter,she broke down and wept.,考一考：,1.吃饭吃面，他都无所谓。He doesnt mind eating noodles or rice.Noodles or rice shouldnt make a
17、ny difference to him.Theres no difference to him whether to eat noodles or rice.,2.现在必须采取措施来保护环境。1)We must now take measures to protect the environment.2)Its necessary to take measures to protect the environment.3)Its imperative to adopt measures to protect the environment.4)Its imperative that we t
18、ake measures to protect the environment.,5)There is necessity to take measures to protect the environment.6)Measures should be adopted/taken to protect the environment.7)Its high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.8)Its high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment.,
19、3.有这么一个聪明漂亮的女儿，这位母亲感到非常骄傲。The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.4.我从来没有那么想过。I have never thought like that.This idea has never crossed my mind.This idea has never appeared in my mind.Its the last th
20、ing I have ever thought.,5.在持续了一年的内战中，数千人丧生。1)Thousands of people have died in the civil war lasting for a year.2)Thousands of people have been killed in the civil war,which has been lasting for one year.3)The civil war,which has been going on for a year,has claimed thousands of lives.4)The number o
21、f people killed in the civil war,which broke out a year ago,has reached several thousand.5)The death toll of the civil war,which broke out a year ago,has amounted to several thousand.,Passage Translation Practice:中国许多大学开设对外汉语专业确实是明智之举。海外中文教师的人数，很难满足全世界的需要，因为有越来越多的外国人表示出对学习汉语的极大兴趣。统计显示，世界上有超过两千五百万的人在
22、学习汉语，有100个国家在各种教育机构里设立了汉语课程。,中国许多大学开设对外汉语专业确实是明智之举。海外中文教师的人数，很难满足全世界的需要，因为有越来越多的外国人表示出对学习汉语的极大兴趣。统计显示，世界上有超过两千五百万的人在学习汉语，有100个国家在各种教育机构里设立了汉语课程。译文1：Many universities in China have offered Chinese as a foreign language specialty.This is indeed a wise move.Chinese teachers abroad can hardly meet the n
23、eed of the whole world,as more and more foreigners show a very great interest in learning Chinese.Statistics show that there are more than 25 million people in the world who are learning Chinese,and 100 countries that have offered Chinese courses in their educational institutions.,中国许多大学开设对外汉语专业确实是明
24、智之举。海外中文教师的人数，很难满足全世界的需要，因为有越来越多的外国人表示出对学习汉语的极大兴趣。统计显示，世界上有超过两千五百万的人在学习汉语，有100个国家在各种教育机构里设立了汉语课程。译文2：Many Chinese universities offering specialized course of Chinese as a foreign language is indeed a wise move in a time when the number of teachers of Chinese abroad can hardly meet the global need with more and more foreigners showing a vast interest in learning the language.Statistics show that more than 25 million people around the world are learning Chinese and the various educational institutions of 100 countries have offered Chinese courses.,Thank you！,
