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1、语法第六讲-时态和语态,时态(Tense)语态(Voice),时态,一般现在时一般过去式一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时,worked,been working,working,work,be working,had worked,had been working,work,be working,had worked,had been working,一般现在时：1.表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或现阶段的习惯。常用时间状语often,sometimes,usually,always,seldom,in the morning,every d
2、ay,on Sunday等。如：He is always ready to help others.2.表示不受时间限制的事实或普遍真理。如：A plane is faster than a car.China is in Asia.,3.在时间和条件状语从句中，主语用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来表示将来动作。如：I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.4.在宾语从句中，尽管主句用过去时，但如果宾语从句所述内容是客观真理，从句谓语动词仍用一般现在时。如：The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises i
3、n the east.,5.表示已安排或计划好将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态，一般用be,come,go,arrive,leave,start等动词。如：The meeting is at 2:00 p.m.6.图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景等，动词常用一般现在时。如：Scene I(Mary and Miss.Green are in the professors room a large,pleasant room with many books.There is a big desk near the window.),7.由here,there开头的句子，动词用一般现在时表示
4、正在发生的动作。如：There goes the bell.Here comes the teacher.,一般过去时：1.在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，与表示过去的时间状语连用。谓语动词用过去式：规则动词的过去式是原型后加-ed 或 d；不规则动词的变化形式需要记忆。该时态常跟有一个表示过去时间的状语，如：then、at that time、just now、three days ago或一个由when、while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句如：He was here just now.,2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，可与时间状语often连用；used to+v.原或would
5、+v.原也表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。如：When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.注：有时一个使用过去时的句子中并没有表示过去时间的状语，却有一个地点状语。这时，该地点状语往往暗示了动作是过去某一时间发生的。例如：I lost my wallet at the theatre.,一般将来时：1.表示将来发生的动作或将来存在的状态，谓语动词是shall或will加动词原形。这种时态通常跟有一个表示将来的时间状语，如：soon、next、week、tomorrow等连用。如：When will they leave for Shang
6、hai?He will be back in a few days.Where shall we meet tomorrow?,注：shall和will除了上述表示单纯的将来外，还有其他用法。在第一人称后，will常表示“决心”、“意愿”或“打算”，在否定句中用于所有人称，有“不愿”的意思。shall用于第二人称时，可表示说明者的将来意愿或允诺。如：I will study hard to keep up with my classmates.You shall have the book.（我答应）你会得到这本书的。He wont do it.他不愿做这事。,2.be going to+动词
7、原形：含有打算、计划、准备将做某事的意思，或表示很有可能要发生的事。,3.若表示已安排或计划好的将来动作或存在状态，可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，其谓语动词常为be,come,go,arrive,leave,start等。,注：1.shall用于第一、三人称，表示征求 对方意见。“Will you?”这类疑问句常用来表示说话者请求对方许可。如：Shall I go with you?,4.表示按计划即将发生的动作，可用现在进行时代替将来时。此用法多与表示位移的动词come,go,arrive,leave,fly,start等连用。如：He is leaving for London.5.be
8、to+动词原形和be about to+动词原形也表示将来。前者指“安排好的事”，后者指“即将发生的事”。如：The children are to learn English next week.,过去将来时：表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，多用于主句谓语动词是一般过去时的宾语从句。其形式由will或shall的过去式would或should加原形动词构成。如：Lily said there would be a concert that evening.They wondered when we should/would finish our composition.,表
9、示过去将来时的其他形式：was/were going to+动词原形、was/were to+动词原形、was/were about to+动词原形、was/were+动词的现在分词（多与表示位移的动词come,go,leave等连用）来表示。如：No one knew when he was going to come.He said that they were to leave at six.I didnt know when they were leaving for Beijing.,现在进行时：由be的适当形式（am、is、are）+现在分词构成，主要用于：1.表示说话时，或现阶段
10、正在进行的动作。如：The boys are reading magazines.Are the students dancing?Mr.Green is talking with Jim in the classroom.2.表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作（尽管此时此刻该动作并不进行）。如：-What is he doing this week?-He is translating a novel.,3.现在进行市可用来表示按计划安排即将发生的动作，但仅适用于少数动词而且常跟有一个时间状语。常见的这些动词有：go、come、leave、arrive等。4.现在进行时常与副词always,c
11、onstantly连用，表示反复出现或习惯性动作，含有说话者的赞扬、不满、讨厌、遗憾等情绪。如：The girl is always smiling happily.Youre always making the same mistake.Shes constantly changing her mind.,5.用进行时可以表示过程。如：Its getting cold.The leaves on the trees are turning brown.Shes finding that chemistry is much more difficult than physics.注：1.有些动
12、词一般不用于现在进行时，它们是：A感官动词：see,hear,smell,taste,notice,feel等B 表示态度和感情的动词：believe,agree,like,hate,want,think等C一些不表示具体动作而表示某中抽象的关系或概念的动词：have,depend,seem,belong,consist,possess等,一般还有;Agree(同意)belong(属于)Have(有)love(爱)Remember(记得)want(想要)Appear（好像）see（看见）Hear(听见)notice(注意)Seem(好像)be(是)Feel(感觉)know(知道)Mind(介意
13、)think(认为)Believe(相信)forget(忘记）Like(喜欢)realize(认识到)Wish(希望),但当这些动词的词义改变时便可用于现在进行时。试比较：I fell sick.我感觉不舒服。（feel:感到，感觉）The doctor is feeling m pulse.医生在给我把脉。（feel:摸）I cant see anything in the bowl.我堪布件碗里有什么。（see:看见）Tom is seeing his friend off at the airport.汤姆到飞机场送朋友。（seeoff:送行）,过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内
14、正在进行的动作。谓语形式：由was（were）+现在分词构成。通常有一个表示过去时间的状语，也可由上下文暗示。如：He was watching TV when I came in.-What were you doing this time yesterday?-I was writing a letter.While I was reading,my sister was playing.At that time they were having a good time.He was reading a novel in the library this morning.,注：过去进行时还
15、常常用于对故事中情节的描述。例如：It was dark night and a strong wind was blowing.那是个漆黑的夜晚，风在呼呼的刮着。,将来进行时谓语形式：由shall或will+be+现在分词构成1.表示在将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。如：I will be busy this evening.I will be writing an article.2.有时表示预料不久就要发生或势必要发生的动作。如：I hope you will be coming on time.They will be having their holiday in June.
16、,现在完成时：谓语形式：由have（has）+过去分词构成。主要有两个用法：1.表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作和状态，通常用可延续性动词，如be,work,study,live等，常与表示时间长度的状语连用，如for ten minutes,since 1999,all day等，也可带有表示到目前为止的时间状语，如so far,up to now,until now等。如：I have sat for hours in the classroom,reading a novel.The weather has been cold so far this winter.,2.表示过去发
17、生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与非延续性动词如begin,give,go,meet,see等连用，并常带不确定的时间状语，如already,yet,once,twice,just,ever,never等。如：I havent finished my homework yet.l注：非延续性动词不能表示“动作延续至今”，因此不能与for,since等延续性的时间状语连用。如：“他已经到达两小时了”不能说：He has arrived here for two hours.而是：He has been here for two hours.,但用于否定式时，此类动词却部首这一限制，可以与f
18、or,since等延续性时间状语连用，因为动作在一段时间内不发生是可能的。如：Havent seen you for a long time.We havent heard from her since last week.,表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间总反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态，常与频度副词如often,always,every week等连用。如：He has always said so.Ive often seen him in the library.,have/has been 和have/has gone/come的区别：have/has been 用来表示以往的经历，
19、译为“来（到）过”，常与频度状语once,ever等连用。如：Have you ever been there?你曾去过那里吗？（不能用has come）They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。（不能用have gone）have/has gone表示“走了”、“到去了”，一般不与第一、第二人称连用。如：He has gone to Shanghai.他到上海去了。（他可能在途中，也可能已到上海，但不在这里。）但有时have/has gone也可用于第一、第二人称。如：-Where shall I say you have gone if Li Pin
20、g asks for you?如果李平找你，我说你去哪儿了呢？-Say that I have gone to Beijing.就说我到北京去了。,过去完成时：谓语形式：由had+过去分词构成。1.表示动作或状态从过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到过去某一时间，常与延续性动词连用，并常带有for,since,by,when,until等时间状语。如：I had stayed in Beijing for three years by then.Until then he had known nothing about it.The boy told his mother that he had b
21、een ill since he came back from the school.2.过去完成时也常用在“no soonerthan”和“hardlywhen（before）”等句型的主句中，从句常用一般过去时。“no sooner”、“hardly”移至句首时表示强调，要求用倒装语序。,例如：We had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain.我们一到家，天就下雨了。,3.表示在过去某时间以前反复发生的动作或出现的状态，常与频度状语连
22、用。如：He said he had seen the film twice.4.表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，常与hope,intend,mean,expect,think,want,suppose等动词连用。如：I had hoped to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen,but that morning the room was quiet and orderly.原希望在那一阵阵喧闹声中趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上，可是那天早上，教室里却是那么安静而又有序。,l 注：在含有由after,b
23、efore等引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于这类词本身的意义能够明确表示时间的先后关系，因此谓语动词常用一般过去时代替完成时。如：After he finished his homework,he went to bed.,将来完成时：由shall/will have+动词的过去分词构成 疑问式：将shall/will移至主语之前 否定式：shall/will not(shant/wont)have+动词的过去分词,现在完成进行时：现在完成进行时由have（has）+been+现在分词构成。表示动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在，这个动作可能刚停止，可能人继续进行下去，常与延续性动词连用，并常带有表
24、示动作起止时间的状语，如：for hours,for a few days,since this morning等。如：Tom has been working hard since the new term began.Where have you been living these years?表示不久前刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。如：Sorry!Im late.How long have you been waiting for me?Hello!At last!I have been telephoning you all(the)morning.,某些不能用于进行时的
25、动词（如see,hear,know,have,like,be等感官动词和某些表示思维活动的动词）同样也不能用于现在完成进行时，只能用现在完成时。如：I have known him for many years.（不能用have been knowing）注：不具有延续意义的动词如finish,come,go,marry等不能用于现在完成进行时。,（一）时态的区别1 一般现在时和现在进行时的区别：一般现在时表示动作的时间不受限制或不确定，现在进行时表示动作的暂时性或有限度的持续性。如：Father works 48 hours every week.（指长期性工作）Dont make so m
26、uch noise.Father is working.（指目前在工作）I usually wear sport shoes.（指经常性动作）Im not wearing sport shoes today.（指暂时情况）,瞬间动词常用于现在时表示现在发生的短暂动作，如快速的现场解说等，而瞬间动作用于现在进行时表示动作的重复。如：Jack shoots for goal.杰克射门。（表示瞬间动作）The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高兴地跳着。（体现动作的重复）,一般过去时和现在完成时的区别：一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时
27、表示过去发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在，或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。试对比：His brother was in the army for five years.（现已退役）His brother has been in the army for five years.（现仍在部队里）They saw the film yesterday.（着眼于动作本身）They have already seen the film.（着眼于目前情况）,与一般过去时连用的时间状语只指过去而不涉及现在，而现在完成时通常与不确定的或包括现在在内的时间状语连用。试比较：He was in prison
28、in 1989.（in1989表示具体的过去时间）He has been in prison since 1989.（since 1989表示从1989到现在）,有些时间状语如this morning,for a year,recently等既可与一般过去时连用，又可与现在完成时连用，但在意义上有差别。试比较：I wrote several letters this afternoon.（说话时是晚上）I have written several letters this afternoon.（说话时仍是下午）He learned English for 6 years.（动作已成为过去）He
29、 has learned English for 6 years.（动作刚结束或仍在继续）,现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：现在完成时表示曾经发生的动作对现在的影响或动作已完成，现在完成进行时强调动作仍然继续。试比较：He has written a letter.（已经写好）He has been writing a letter.（仍然在写）现在完成时强调动作的最后结果，现在完成进行时强调动作的直接结果。试比较：The boy has finished his homework.He can go out to play.（强调最终结果）You look tired.What have
30、you been doing?（强调直接结果）,l注：延续性动词与延续性时间状语连用，用现在完成时和现在完成进行时都表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作，二者在意义上区别不十分明显，常可互换，只不过现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性。如：He has worked here for two hours.他在这里工作已经两小时了。He has been working here for two hours.他一直在这里工作，已经两小时了。如果上述两句没有延续性时间状语，意思上便有差别。如：He has worked here.他曾在这里工作过。He has been working here.他一直在这
31、里工作。,时态的呼应一般规则：1)若主句谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态，从句中可根据意思需要，选用任何时态。例如：I know that he is(was,will be)in Beijing.We shall find out when they arrived(will arrive).2)若主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句中一般要使用过去时态。(1)如果从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。例如：They could not understand why he spent so much money on clothes.（2）当从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句要用过去完
32、成时。例如：,She told me that she had been offered a very well-paid position.(3)当从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句中要使用过去将来时。例如：The doctor said that she was going to have twins.注：有些形容词后也跟一个从句，这种从句通常也被看做宾语从句，其谓语也应与主句谓语的时态保持一致。例如：She was afraid that the dog would bite.,特殊规则：(1)当从句表示客观事实或真理时，其时态可不受主句谓语的影响，而用一般现在时。例如：The teach
33、er told the children that water boils at 100c.,1.Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday,Dick?-John _.A.cleaned B.does C.did D.has2.Look at those big black clouds.It _ rain.Lets hurry.A.must B.will C.would D.is going to3.-Can I speak to Mr.Smith,please?-Im afraid not.He _ a meeting at the moment.A.havi
34、ng B.is having C.has D.had4.Look!Some blue birds _ in the sky.A.fly B.flying C.are flying D.is flying,5.What did your son say in the letter?-He told me that he _ the Disney World the next day.A.will visit B.has visited C.is going to visit D.would visit6.Mrs.Sha _our science teacher.A.am B.is C.are D
35、.were7.He _ a letter to his family last Sunday.A.Writed B.wrote C.writes D.has written8.How long have you _ the book?-For a week.A.borrowed B.lent C.kept D.bought,9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou?-Yes.I _there two years ago.A.have been B.wentC.have gone D.went to10.Keep quiet,please.They _a meeting
36、now.A.have B.had C.are having D.have had11.Please _me something about the picture.A.tell B.say C.speak D.talk12.What are they doing over there?-They _trees on the hill.A.plants B.plant C.will plant D.are planting,13.We _ happily when they came in.A.are talking B.talkedC.talk D.were talking14.Jenny a
37、nd her parents _ going to visit the Yan dang Mountains tomorrow.A.will B.is C.are D.be15.China _the WTO and became a new member of it last year.A.joined B.join C.will join D.has joined16.Look!The boys _ in the swimming pool.A.swim B.swamC.were swimming D.are swimming,17.They _about eight hundred Eng
38、lish words by the end of last term.A.will learn B.have learnedC.learnt D.had learned18.My grandpa often _ us funny stories.A.speaks B.tells C.says D.talks19.Miss Lin is our English teacher.She _ us English at school.A.teach B.teaches C.are teaching D.would teach20.Mike _ his homework and now he is watching TV.A.has finished B.finished C.will finish D.finishes,
