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1、2023/8/4,1,Cities of the UK,Urbanized nation,1%of its population engage in agriculture,2023/8/4,2,1.London,Situated on the Thames River near its mouth Capital city of UK The history can be traced back to 1st century,2023/8/4,3,Central London,Present-day London includes 33 boroughs,the City of London
2、,the City of Westminister,districts in the West End,Important companies and streets in the City of Londan1.Lloyds:a famous insurance company,2.Threadneedle Street:most financial activities,Bank of England,Bank of England,2023/8/4,6,3.The Tower of London,On the bank of the river at the eastern bounda
3、ry of the City of London;built by William the Conqueror,used as a military fortress and then as a prison;public museum of arms and royal treasures,4.The Newspaper Industry,Concentrated in the Fleet Street,5.The East End Street,to the east of the City of London and the Tower of London Times and other
4、 papers moved to quarters at the Docklands in the East End,the British people celebrated the Queens 80th birthday.,September,2006,one year after the occurrence of Hurricane Katrina,a scripture of Virgin Maria holding Christ with the Script and stars appeared in New Orleans。,Famous for crimes,A build
5、ing in the east end street,6.Southwark,around the southern end of London Bridgedisreputable entertainment center of brothels,bars,and theatres outside of the Citys jurisdiction.,was the location of Elizabethan theaters,which was restricted because they were considered the places of vice.the Globe Th
6、eatre,7.The mayor of London Lord Mayor of LondonNot salariedElected from among successful businessman,The City of Westminster,about two miles upstream from the City of London,Englands political center of power,Westminster model,1.Westminster Abbey,built by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century,us
7、ed for such state occasions as coronations and royal funerals.giant mausoleum,more than 3000 notable people buried therePoets Corner:burial ground for famous English poets,Chaucer,2023/8/4,17,2.Houses of Parliament,New Palace of Westminster,Across the street,3.New Scotland Yard,First used as a guest
8、 house to receive Scottish envoys;Later became the headquarters of the London police.,Not far away from the Houses Of Parliament,4.The Street of Whitehall,Lined with office buildings of the most important ministries of the English government;In the newspaper,Whitehall refers to the English governmen
9、t,Near the parliament building,5.Downing Street,No.1,Downing Street:the English prime ministers official residenceMany media use it to mean the prime minister.,Branching off from Whitehall,6.Buckingham Palace,Farther away from Downing Street,7.Hyde Park,about one quarter mile and contains a long lak
10、e called the Serpentine,A few minutes walk from the Palace,1).Speakers Corner,came into being in the 1860s;set aside by the government as a haven of liberty where protesters could let off steam free from interference;regarded as the epitome of British freedom of speech,The northeast corner of the pa
11、rk,Marxist speaker,2).Trafalgar Square,Built in dedication to British naval commander Viscount Horatio Nelson;A popular site for large-scale political demonstrations,Not far away from the Speakers Corner,3.The West End,center:Londons shopping and entertainment hub1).Oxford Streetthe busiest shopping
12、 area,To the west and north of Trafalgar Square,2).The Soho district,The Royal Opera House,most of Londons 40 or so major theatres,the large movie houses,hundreds of restaurants,cafs,and bars,3).Bloomsbury,The citys traditional intellectual center,with its concentration of bookshops and homes of wri
13、ters and academics.British MuseumThe University of London,In the northern part of the West End,Birmingham,The second largest city;Sprung up during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century because of its proximity to rich resources of coal and iron ore;Black country;Well known for its production
14、 of automobiles,electrical equipment;The University of Birmingham,To the northwest of London,Manchester,The center of textile industries;Witnessed the fierce struggle of the Charter Movement in the mid-19th century;The Victoria University of ManchesterThe Manchester College of Technology,To the nort
15、hwest of Birmingham,Liverpool,The second largest seaport in Britain;Makes a large variety of products:machines,machine tools;The University of Liverpool,To the west of Manchester,Edinburgh,The capital of Scotland,Well known for the University of EdinburghA port city,Belfast,Capital city of Northern
16、Ireland,Cardiff,Capital city of Wales,Rover,2023/8/4,39,2.Chemicals and chemical-based product manufacturersThe British chemical industry has grown faster than all other British industries,except electronics.The pharmaceutical industry is particularly successful,with the worlds second and third larg
17、est pharmaceutical firms(GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca respectively)being based in the UK and having major research and development and manufacturing facilities.,3.Other important sectors of the manufacturing industry include:Food,drink,tobacco,paper,printing,publishing and textiles.,Service indu
18、stry:Tertiary industry,The service sector is the dominant sector of the UK economy,a feature normally associated with the economy of a developed country.This means that the Tertiary sector jobs outnumber the Secondary and Primary sector jobs combined.,2023/8/4,42,British Trade,a major role of foreig
19、n trade in the British economy.Overseas commodity trade alone accounting for about one sixth of the countrys national income.an importer of food and an exporter of manufactured goods.,2023/8/4,43,British Finance,The UK has had an expanding export business in financial service,which has been influenc
20、ed by a mixture of unique institutions,light regulation,and a highly skilled workforce.Important financial cities in the UKLondon:the worlds financial centerShares and bonds:London Stock ExchangeInsurance:Lloyds of LondonCentral bank:The Bank of EnglandBusiness banksBarclays Bank,Citigroup and HSBCT
21、here are now over 500 banks with offices in the City and Docklands,with the majority of business in London being conducted on an international basis.Edinburgh:the fifth largest financial centre in Europethe Royal Bank of Scotland(the second largest bank in Europe),HBOS(owners of the Bank of Scotland
22、)and Standard Life Insurance.,The UK:A financial empire,The Bank of England(the central bank)founded in 1694 nationalized in 1946Its role:a public institution and instrument of government control,2023/8/4,45,The UK:A financial empire,Major banks in the UK with Bank of England as the central bankHSBC
23、 BankLondonRoyal Bank of ScotlandEdinburghBarclays BankLondonHBOSEdinburghLloyds TSBLondonStandard CharteredLondonAlliance&LeicesterLeicesterNorthern RockNewcastle upon TyneCo-operative BankManchester,2023/8/4,46,Pound sterling:A symbol of nationalist character(1),Pound sterling:The symbol of the UK
24、Units of the sterlingCoins1 penny2 pence 5 pence10 pence20 pence 50 pence1 pound2 pounds5 pounds(commemorative only)Notes5 pounds10 pounds20 pounds(seldom)50 pounds(rarely used),2023/8/4,47,Pound sterling:A symbol of nationalist character(2),Joining the single currency,EURO:still a long way to go1.T
25、he Labor Party and Gordon Brown promised to hold a public referendum.2.Public opinion polls have shown that a majority of Britons have been opposed to joining the single currency for some considerable time.3.The main opposition party,the Conservative party,are opposed to membership.Three of 25 membe
26、r countries of EU do not join EURO:The UKSwedenDenmark,2023/8/4,48,Regional GDP variation,Regional variationThe strength of the UK economy varies from region to region.GDP,and GDP per capita is highest in London.The following table shows the GDP(2004)per capita of the 12 areas.RankPlaceGDP per capit
27、a in Euros 1.London,England44 4012.South East England31 3003.East of England27 7784.Scotland27 6695.South West England27 3486.East Midlands,England26 8637.West Midlands,England25 9318.North West England25 3969.Yorkshire and the Humber,England25 30010.Northern Ireland23 31911.North East England22 886
28、12.Wales22 567,American Economy-a strong one,the United States of America has the largest economy and the most important market in the world.,2023/8/4,51,Introduction,General:CurrencyUnited States Dollar(USD)Fiscal year(财政年度)1 October-30 SeptemberTrade organizationsNAFTA(North American Free Trade Ag
29、reement),WTO(World Trade Organization),OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)and others,2023/8/4,52,US Monetary Systems,Federal Reserve Bank:the central bank,2023/8/4,53,US Monetary Systems,Central bank:Federal Reserve BankThe Federal Reserve Banks more commonly known as the Fe
30、deral Reserve or simply the Fed is the United States central bank,charging with ensuring the stability and flexibility of the nations monetary and financial systems.The Federal Reserve:structured to be independent within the federal government.The Federal Reserve System following its Congressional c
31、harter;the Chairman of the Board of Governors reports to Congress;but the Feds decisions being independent of both the Congress and the President of the United States.its roles and responsibilities:To guide monetary policy for economic stability.To regulate and supervise banking institutions in the
32、U.S.To provide financial services to banking institutions,the U.S.government,and foreign official institutions;as well as to play a major role in operating the nations payment system.,2023/8/4,54,US Dollar Coins,Coins,2023/8/4,55,US Dollar Notes,1 dollar:George Washington(1st)2 dollars:Thomas Jeffer
33、son(3rd)5 dollars:Abraham Lincoln(16th)10 dollars:Alexander Hamilton(One of founders)20 dollars:Andrew Jackson(7th)50 dollars:Ulysses S.Grant(18th)100 dollars:Benjamin Franklin500 dollars:William McKinley(25th)1000 dollars:Grover Cleveland(22nd)5000 dollars:James Madison(4th)10000 dollars:Salmon P.C
34、hase(U.S.Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln;Chief Justice of the United States),2023/8/4,56,Introduction,the largest national economy in the world.a mixed economy in that private firms make the majority of the microeconomic decisions while being regulated by the government.The U.S.ec
35、onomy maintaining a high level of output per person Maintaining a stable overall GDP growth rate,a low unemployment rate,and high levels of research and capital investment,Features of American economy,a free enterprise systemActive in building roads and in the field of educationThe important role of
36、 the US government in the US economyThe farmers efficiency in the production of grainThe sale of the armed forces to other countries,2023/8/4,58,Primary industryAmerican agriculture,2023/8/4,59,Agriculture:natural advantages,The United States is blessed with fertile soil,and a good climate for its a
37、griculture.About one-fifth of the land area is farmed.Some 394 million acres are harvested cropland,and about 890 million acres are permanent pastureland.Most of the important crop-growing areas in the United States are in the central plain region between the Appalachians and the Rockies.Others are
38、in the Atlantic coast plain and the great basins west of the Rockies.Agriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is a net exporter of food.,2023/8/4,60,Agriculture:historical development,In the U.S.,the spread of farms from the colonies westward along with the settlers.In co
39、oler regions,wheat being the crop of choice when lands being settled,leading to a“wheat frontier”that moved westward over the course of years.After passing the“wheat frontier”through an area,more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally taking its place.the plantings of cotton and herds of
40、 beef cattle in warmer regions In the early colonial south,the common phenomenon of raising tobacco and cotton,especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War.In the northeast,the use of slaves in agriculture until the early 19th century.,2023/8/4,61,Agriculture:historical development,
41、Slave labor in the southern plantations,2023/8/4,62,Agriculture:development,The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid 19th century leading to a large improvement in the USAs economic growth.the establishment of a land-grant university in each state(with a mission to
42、 teach and study agriculture)and a federally-funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state.,2023/8/4,63,Agriculture,Crop duster,2023/8/4,64,Agriculture:productsTop twenty agricultural products by production,Rankproduct
43、mass(tonnes)1.Corn256,904,9922.Cattle meat11,736,3003.Cows milk,whole,fresh78,155,0004.Chicken meat15,006,0005.Soybeans65,795,3006.Pig meat8,574,2907.Wheat63,589,8208.Cotton lint3,967,8109.Hen eggs5,141,00010.Turkey meat2,584,200,Rankproductmass(tonnes)11.Tomatoes12,275,00012.Potatoes20,821,93013.Gr
44、apes6,125,67014.Oranges10,473,45015.Rice,paddy9,033,61016.Apples4,241,81017.Sorghum10,445,90018.Lettuce4,490,00019.Cottonseed6,072,69020.Sugar beets27,764,390,2023/8/4,65,Agriculture:livestocks,Top five livestock industries in the United States1.DairyCattle2.Beef Cattle3.Swine(also called hogs or pi
45、gs)4.Poultry5.Sheep,2023/8/4,66,Agriculture:natural advantages,Different agricultural belts,Belt of cheese:Northeast and the region around the five Great lakesThe belt of wheat:the western part of the great central plainThe belt of corn:south of the Great LakeThe belt of cotton:the whole southeast s
46、ection,2023/8/4,68,Industry:an introduction,a leading manufacturing power in the world The US manufacturing:highly diversified and technologically advanced.Main industries:petroleum,steel,motor vehicles,aerospace,telecommunications,chemicals,electronics,food processing,consumer goods,lumber,mining.,
47、American Industry,Three industrial sections:A:the northeast section:the center of industries,the Industrial Northeast,consisting of of the national manufacturing and processing industriesDetroit:the center of the automobile industryPittsburgh:the center of the steel and iron industry,General Motors
48、Company,also known as GM,is a United States based automaker with headquarters in Detroit,Michigan.By sales,GM ranked as the largest U.S.automaker and the worlds second largest for 2008.GM had the third highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500.GM manufactures cars and t
49、rucks in 34 countries,recently employed 244,500 people around the world,and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries.On June 1,2009 General Motors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings from which it emerged on July 10,2009 in a reorganization in which a new entity acquired the most va
50、luable assets.,The section of the south:A rapid development zoneThe most important area of petroleum production,The western section:Rapid development of industries related to military affairs and film-making The most developed city in the region:Los Angeles,2023/8/4,75,Mining,As a country of contine
