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1、English-Speaking Countries:A Survey,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom,The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC AD 1066)Early Settlers(5000 BC 55 BC),English Speaking Countries Unit 2,3000 BC New Stone AgeFrom Iberian peninsula,now SpainCommunal burial mounds in Wiltshire&DorsetStonehenge in Wiltshirehttp:/,Iberians,
2、English Speaking Countries Unit 2,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,The Iberians,English-Speaking Countries Unit 2,English-Speaking Countries Unit 2,English-Speaking Countries Unit 2,English-Speaking Countries Unit 2,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,2000 BCFrom todays Holland&RhinelandBell-shaped d
3、rinking vesselsBuried in crouching positionsIndividual graves,Beaker Folk,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Art of pottery makingAbility to fashion bronze toolsCustom of individual burialForts Maiden Castle in Dorset,Beaker Folk,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,700 BC Taller,fairer raceFrom todays
4、France,Belgium&southern Germany,Celts,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Three waves:1.Gaels 600 BC 2.Brythons 400 BC 3.Belgae 150 BC,Celts,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Drove some Iberians to north&westKept rest as slavesTwo races mixed:Iberians+Celts,Celts,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Celt
5、s,Practised farmersDrained marshlandsBuilt houses of wood&wickerwork with weatherproof coating of mudIronworkers,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Celts,Ancestors ofHighland ScotsIrishWelshLanguages:basis of Welsh&Gaelic,The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC AD 1066)Roman Britain(55 BC AD 410),English Spe
6、aking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 BC.The successful invasion took place in AD 43,headed by the Emperor Claudius.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,For nearly 400 years Britain was under Rom
7、an occupation,but it was never a total occupation1.Some parts of the country resisted.2.Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,The Romans built two great walls to keep the Picts out of the area they
8、 had conquered:Hadrians WallAntonine Wall,Hadrians Wall,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,Romans faced three problems:1.The Picts attacked them periodically;2.Saxon pirates attacked them in the southeast;3.Control was only effective in the south-eastern part of the country.,English Sp
9、eaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,The Romans built a network of walled towns,major and secondary roads in Britain.The suffix-caster or-chester in Eng1ish place names Lancaster,Winchester and Chester itself derives from castra,the Latin word for camp.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Inva
10、sion,Roman capital:London(Londinium)Made good use of Britains natural resourcesBuilt beautiful housesConstructed a network of major and secondary roadsBrought Christianity to Britain,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,Romans pulled out in AD 410 because 1.barbarians from Eastern Europe
11、 at the gates of Rome;2.under repeated attacks from Picts 3.needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to hold off Saxon tribes.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Roman Invasion,The Romans occupied Britain for nearly 400 years.However,they never conquered Britain completely.The Roman i
12、mpact upon the Britons was surprisingly limited.The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave c1ass.Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.,The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC AD 1066
13、)The Anglo-Saxons(446 871),English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Anglo-Saxons,Three Teutonic tribes:1.Angles2.Saxons 3.Jutes,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Anglo-Saxons,Principal kingdoms of Heptarchy:1.Kent2.Essex 3.Sussex4.Wessex5.East Anglia6.Mercia7.Northumbria,Egbert829overlord,English Speaking
14、Countries Unit 2,Teutonic religion Tiu:god of war Woden,king of heaven Thor,god of storms Freya,goddess of peace,Anglo-Saxons,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert the English to Christianity.St.Augustine soon became the first Archbishop of C
15、anterbury.Monasteries sprang up throughout the country and became places of learning.,Anglo-Saxons,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Anglo-Saxons,The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state:Divided the country into shires,which the Normans later called counties,with shire courts and s
16、hire reeves,or sheriffs,responsible for administering laws as comprehensive as any in the early medieval world;,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Anglo-Saxons,Devised the three-field farming system which continued until the agricultural revolution in the 18th century;Established the manorial system,
17、whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes,and organized the local army;Created the Witan to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Vikings and Danish Invasions,The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked England from the end of the 8th cen
18、tury.They became a serious problem in the 9th century,especially 835-878.They even captured York,an important center of Christianity in 867.By the middle of the 9th century,the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Alfred the Gre
19、at,Alfred,King of Wessex,defeated the Danes and came to an agreement with them.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England(“the Danelaw”),while Alfred would rule the rest.Alfred also persuaded their leader and several warriors to be baptized as Christians.,English Speaking Countries Un
20、it 2,Alfred the Great,The father of the British navyLearned manAlfred the Great,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Alfred the Great,Founded a strong fleet to beat the Danes at sea;Reorganized the Saxon army;Taught himself Latin at the age of 40;Translated Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English P
21、eople;Encouraged learning in others,Established schools;Formulated a legal system.,The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC AD 1066)The Norman Conquest(1066),English Speaking Countries Unit 2,King Edward,“the Confessor”had spent most of his life in Normandymore concerned with the building of Westminster Abbe
22、yfar more Norman than Saxonhad promised the English throne to William,Duke of Normandy,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,King Edward,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Norman Conquest,Four men laid claim to English throne1.Harold Hardrada,King of Norway2.William,Duke of Normandy3.Tostig,deposed Earl
23、of Northumbria(Queens brother)4.Harold Godwinson,hereditary ruler of Wessex(Queens other brother),English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Norman Conquest,Tostig joined King of NorwayBoth defeated and killed by King HaroldHarolds exhausted troops resisted Williams finest horsemen in EuropeHarold shot dead
24、through right eye by an arrowAnglo-Saxon England perished,Battle of Hastings,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,Norman Conquest,When?1066Who?William the ConquerorWhat?Norman Conquest,Norman Conquest,The Norman Conquest is perhaps the best-known event in Eng1ish history.William the Conqueror confiscat
25、ed a1most al1 the land and gave it to his Norman followers.He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened and civilization and commerce were extended.Norman-French cu1ture,language,manners,and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome,and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.,English Speaking Countries Unit 2,END,
