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1、家禽育种的组织与管理,家禽育种的组织与计划,提出明确的育种目标 确定育种目标的基本原则：适应国民经济的需要和当地的实际条件。育种既需以生产为基础，又应走在生产的前面一步，不能孤立进行，也不能延迟落后。,家禽育种的组织与计划,建立和健全育种组织机构行政系统的组织：一般按地区划分工作范围。工作内容：家禽的合理布局和品种的区域规划。要考虑的问题：家禽的适应性、饲料来源、市场销售。,技术系统的组织：基本没有地区范围的限制，以品种选育、繁殖和推广为纽带。工作对象：特定的禽种和品种。工作内容：按建立和健全繁育体系的技术要求，与有关教学、科研、生产、经营、技术行政部门以合同关系合作或协作。拟订较长远的育种规
2、划 基本要求：对家禽育种工作的历史和现状进行调查研究和分析，总结过去的优缺点和经验教训，针对存在的问题拟订今后要采取的措施。,制定切实可行的育种计划（1）育种的目标和任务（2）育种的材料和方法（3）育种的场所和条件（4）育种的主持者、参加者和协作者,家禽育种的实施和管理,整群编号 1、整群 A、了解和分析禽群的现有情况B、按育种计划适当调整禽只的分布，按生产流程安排于适当的栏舍中饲养。群体划分:按育种方法：核心群、基本群、淘汰群按育种阶段：已鉴定群、续鉴定群、初鉴定群,2、编号：对个体进行编号是识别个体最简单、最有效的方法；一个统一、规范的编号系统是准确迅速地识别家禽个体的基本保证。临时性编号
3、：是标记在家禽身上的号码，也可写在临时性记录中，一般仅限于场内或年度内使用。永久性编号：是写在永久性记录中的号码，它除了用于标识每一记录对应的个体外，也用于品种登记，故也称登记号，通常在某一地区甚至全国范围内使用。,个体编号的基本原则：唯一性：每个号码对应一个个体，要保证在该号码所适用的范围内没有重号；有明确含义：为了管理方便，每个号码都应有明确的含义，如对临时性编号，通常可用群内某一年内个体顺序号；简洁易读：在保证唯一性的前提下，个体编号应尽量简单明了，不要试图将个体的所有信息都包含在个体号中而将号码编得太长；同时要注意避免使用一些特殊符号以便于计算机录入和计算。,家禽编号方法：对鸡可使用翅
4、号、脚号和肩号三种方法进行编号。鸭、鹅还可使用脚蹼穿洞的方法进行编号。翅号用于出壳雏禽绒羽干后，佩带在禽体右侧尺骨和桡骨前侧翅膜上。脚号和肩号均用于成年种禽，前者带在左胫上，后者带在右肩上。翅号、脚号和肩号最好都有年度、品种、品系或家系的代号及本身的号码。电子标记：电子标记是近年来发展的一种新的标记方法，它是将一种体积很小、携带有个体编号信息的电子装置如电子脉冲转发器，固定在家禽的某个部位，它所发出的信息可用特殊的仪器接收和处理。,Poultry breeding records,Purpose of breeding records:The purpose of breeding recor
5、ds should be to answer at least four questions regarding any individual bird which has ever been mated.First,who are its ancestors and what has been their breeding and productive performance?Second,who are its brothers and sisters,and,if the information is available,what have been their breeding and
6、 productive performances?,Third,with what individual or individuals is it at present mated,or has it been mated in the past?Fourth,what were the results of these matings?The first question is concerned with preceding generations,the second and third consider the individuals own generation,while the
7、fourth looks forward into the next succeeding generation.,Record of ancestral pairsThe service most monly associated with breeding records concern the successive matings of any given individual;that is,to easily and accurately trace its pedigree.It is customary to look upon a pedigree as a list of a
8、ncestral individuals.Emphasis should be given to the fact that a pedigree is a record of ancestral-that is,parental-pairs running back through preceding generations.In considering a given cockerel or pullet as a possible breeder,a knowledge of the breeding performance of each ancestral pair,as well
9、as the productive performance of each ancestral female,is a matter of first importance.,Sib record.It makes considerable difference in its probable value as a breeder whether a given bird is the one outstanding product of its parents,or whether it is simply one among several almost equally good brot
10、hers and sisters.Unfortunately,a single great performance,or an individual show bird of unusual excellence,may mean little in the line of breeding progress,but the chances greatly favor the bird with numerous brothers or sisters nearly or quite as good as he.A good system of records will not only sh
11、ow,but should also call attention to an individuals brothers and sisters.,Record of matingsThe proper pairing of birds is the foundation of the breeders art and the basis of improvement through breeding.The breeding unit is the pair.During any given breeding season a promising male usually will be m
12、ated or paired with several females.And in successive seasons a given female may be mated with more than one male.In order to give proper consideration to the pairing of birds during a given season,one should be in a position to give intensive study,in the case of all individuals previously bred,to
13、the results of former matings.In order to do this there must obviously be available a list or record of all matings.,Progeny record.In contemplating a pair of birds as possible parents,a consideration of their individuality,their ancestry,their sibs,and previous mates are of the greatest importance.
14、Upon them hopes are built,but predictions are uncertain.There is but one sure basis of judging a birds breeding value from the standpoint of heredity,and that it is the breeding of it.After a given pair has been mated,and progeny gotten and grown,really accurate judgments can be formed.The test of e
15、fficient mating is the character of the progeny.,As suggested above,the progeny test,from the standpoint of a parental pair,is a look forward into the next generation,as the study of the pedigree is a look back into past generations,and of sibs and mates a survey of the contemporary generation.This
16、forward look gives sounder and more dependable information than the other two bined.The fourth service which breeding records should give,therefore,is to show the progeny of any pair in a group so that they may be readily available for study.,临时性记录手工记录:根据育种方案事先设计好一些统一、规范的记录表格，将测定结果直接填入表格中。自动记录（无纸记录）
17、：采用特定的电子设备进行自动记录。自动记录系统一般由计算机、佩带在动物个体身上或固定在个体笼位上的含有个体标号的电子标记（如磁卡、条形码、脉冲转发器等），该电子标记的阅读器和计算机软件组成。永久性记录：无论是手工记录还是自动记录得到的临时性记录都要经过处理，将需要长期保存的信息转成永久性记录长期保存，供育种分析使用。永久性记录一般都用某种数据库的形式在计算机的外部存储设备（硬盘、软盘或光盘等）种保存。为了便于这些记录的录入、管理、编辑、查询和有效利用，还可使用一些专门设计的计算机管理和分析软件。,Breeding records and breeding practice,In breedin
18、g practice the managemental unit is the pen,the breeding unit is the pair.The incubating unit is determined by the size of the incubator tray,and the time unit involved is usually one breeding season.Economic considerations generally preclude the mating of as many males as females,and one male is us
19、ually penned with several females,thus constituting a breeding pen.While pen records are considerably better than no records and give some information regarding the breeding performance of the males,providing always that but one male is used in a pen,they do not give the information necessary for th
20、e best progress,or,in some cases,even the maintenance of a high level of excellence.,From the standpoint of breeding,a pen is a group of matings or pairs,with the male a member of each pair.The breeders search,with the help of progeny records,is for fortunately mated pairs,and when these are discove
21、red there is a really fairly firm foundation on which to build.It is necessary to trapnest all mated females during the breeding season,so that the mother of each egg may be identified,and of marking the egg so that the identification may be preserved.,It is in turn necessary to sort out the eggs of
22、 each female before hatching,and arrange means of identifying each chick that hatches with its dam,which also identifies it with its sire through the record of matings.Each step in this series of operations must be a matter of record if the whole purpose of the record is to be served.A further consi
23、deration in breeding practice is the fact that matings are usually made for an entire season.,Because of the great desirability of setting eggs soon after being laid,the progeny of any one pair does not appear as a single seasonal litter as in the case of swine,but are hatched periodically throughou
24、t the season.Thus full brothers and sisters of a single season may have varying hatching dates,and individuals hatched on one date are likely,because at different stages of maturity,to be more desirable as breeders the following season than those hatched at some other date.It is,therefore,highly des
25、irable to make the dates of hatching a part of the record.,Steps in a plete breeding record,There are five essential steps in the yearly cycle of keeping a plete flock breeding record which will furnish the information discussed above.These are:The recording of each mating made;Making a record of ea
26、ch breeding males pedigree and progeny;Making a record of each breeding females pedigree,production,and progeny;Marking each egg of each breeding female as it is laid,and pedigree hatching it;Marking and recording the chicks at hatching in such a way as to identify them with their parents,Record of
27、matings,In order to make a record of matings,the individual breeders must be marked.The mating record itself is simply a list of the birds in any given breeding pen,and is most useful for future reference.A convenient form for keeping the record of a single mating is designed.The reverse side of the
28、 form is the first page of the“Progeny and Sib Record”of that pen.This record will be discussed later.,Record of matings,Sires record,The sires record should furnish at least three sorts of information:(1)his ancestry(or pedigree);(2)his progeny;(3)notes on his individuality and breeding performance
29、.,A convenient blank form for the pedigree is shown in figure 3.It is well to give his wing-band number as well as his leg-band number,as shown in the upper right-hand corner.The breed of which a given individual is a representative should always be indicated on the pedigree of any bird sold,and it
30、is good practice to have it on all pedigrees.The pedigree of a male used as a breeder should be pletely recorded for at least four generations back if possible.,When the daughters mature and are leg-banded,their numbers may be listed in numerical order in the spaces provided on the reverse side of t
31、he“Sires Record”.The egg records of the respective daughters are entered later as they are pleted.,Dams record,The dams record should furnish the same information concerning each female as does the sires record,and in addition give her production record.The blank form for the purpose consist of an“I
32、ndividual Egg Record”as shown in figure 5,with spaces for her ancestral records,her daughters records,and for further notes on the reverse side as shown in figure 6.The“Individual Egg Record”gives an opportunity to see and study a whole years production with its cycles and pauses and is to be urged
33、in place of simply keeping monthly and yearly totals.A further sheet is needed for each succeeding years production.,Dams record,Pedigree hatching,On the eighteenth day the eggs of each mated female are all put in a separate sack,small tray,or wire basket,so arranged that the chicks cannot escape af
34、ter hatching and can be identified with their mother by the numbers on the shells.In so incubating eggs that the chicks out of each hen may be identified.The reason for this is that a proportion of the fertile eggs which die during the period of incubation.No dead eggs should be left to be carried t
35、hrough the pedigree hatching process.,Hatching record,The record of a given females performance as a breeder is quite inplete unless it includes her hatching record.Sterility or a tendency toward sterility on the part of a male will usually be noticed because it affects the hatching record of a whol
36、e breeding pen.But low hatching power of the eggs of an individual female are likely to go unnoticed unless the relationship between the number of eggs set from each individual and the number of chicks hatched during an entire season is a matter of record.A convenient blank form for keeping such a r
37、ecord is shown in figure 14.,Marking and recording the chicks,After the hatch is over,the next step is to mark the chicks.This is done by a small numbered band placed on the leg or in the wing.Usually when leg banding is practiced,the band is later changed from the leg to the wing,where it remains d
38、uring the life of the bird.At the time the chick is banded the number on the band should be recorded with its mating number.If the chicks are recorded by matings in the Progeny and Sib Record,the first page of which is the reverse side of the Mating Record,it is necessary only to record the wing-ban
39、d number in the column of the proper dam.It will save time by using a blank form called the“Chick Index,”and the wing-band numbers entered serially in advance.,家禽育种记录,蛋鸡育种基本记录项目及要求：系谱孵化表：要求系谱清楚，可计算种蛋受精率和孵化率 雏鸡登记表：可辨认个体及其父母，雏鸡重及特点 育雏育成鸡表：生长情况、体重变化。,4.个体产蛋记录：产蛋数及蛋重、体重、畸形蛋情况 5.全群产蛋记录：群体水平、群体耗料情况 6.死亡淘汰
40、登记表：死亡率、淘汰率及原因 7.公鸡卡片：种公鸡基本情况、育种值 8.新家系组成表：承上启下，系谱清楚。,肉鸡育种基本记录项目：肉鸡繁殖性能同蛋鸡，还应增加的项目有：增重表：每周体重，并与生长曲线比较，腿脚病情况 饲料消耗表：100只鸡日或周耗料 胴体分析表：屠宰率、分割部位比例，如胸肉、腿肉比例，腹脂重等。,现代无纸记录系统,常规记录及其问题 常规记录一般为手工记录，容易出错。无纸记录系统的优点：操作速度快，提高工作效率；避免由于手工操作所容易出现的错误，记录准确性提高；储存资料便于查询，且可直接传输到计算机中转为永久性记录。可节省大量纸张及表格印刷费用。,蛋鸡个体产蛋数无纸记录系统组成：
41、便携式电脑（掌上型电脑），固定在鸡舍内个体笼位上的条形码,一个笔型光电扫描器(光笔)和相应的计算机软件。使用：光笔与便携式电脑相连，用光笔扫描条形码将个体代码读入，再输入该鸡当日产蛋情况（数量、正常或破软蛋）。将便携式电脑与计算机相连，通过专门的软件可将便携式电脑种储存的数据导入计算机，形成永久性记录。,鸡个体耗料自动测定系统组成及使用：在鸡笼外安装一个带电子称的专用饲槽，电子称通过多通道卡与计算机相连。计算机以0.167秒的间隔连续测定每个饲槽的重量变化，在每只鸡身上都固定有一个电子脉冲转发器（雏鸡固定在头部，成年鸡埋在鸡冠内）。在饲槽上装有电子脉冲接受天线，当鸡将头伸出笼外到饲槽中采食时，接收天线就可接收到由电子脉冲发射器发射的表明该个体编号的信号，该信号由解码器处理后通过多通道卡传输到计算机。在计算机内通过专用软件对所收到的信息进行处理，就可获得每只鸡的采食次数、时间、采食量等数据,
