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1、研究生英语写作课件南京工业大学外语学院,A writing Course for Postgraduate Students,Unit 7 How to Write an introductory paragraphHow to write a concluding paragraph,A writing Course for Postgraduate Students,DefinitionAn introductory paragraph is the openingparagraphin a conventionalessay,composition,orreport.The primar
2、y purpose of an introductory paragraph is to attract the readers attention and identify thetopicandpurposeof the essay.Athesis statement often appears at the end of an introductory paragraph.,Example1:Attention-GetterAfter the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks on New Yorks World Trade Towers and t
3、he Pentagon,the debate surrounding racial profiling(种族定性)in airports intensified.Many people believed that profiling was the best way to identify possible terrorists,but many others worried about violations of civil liberties.While some airports began to target passengers based solely on their Middl
4、e Eastern origins,others instituted random searches instead.Begin setting-up the thesisNeither of these techniques seems likely to eliminate terrorism.Now many experts in the government and in airport security are recommending the use of a national ID card or Safe Traveler Card.ThesisIf every US cit
5、izen had such a card,airlines could screen for terrorists more effectively than they do now and avoid procedures that single out individuals solely on the basis of race.,Example2:Why I Hate Mathematics,“I started to dread arithmetic back in the third grade because I didnt want to memorize the multip
6、lication tables.Unlike learning how to read,studying math seemed to have no purpose other than to give me massive headaches and shattered nerves.The alphabet was a wonderful code that,when deciphered,entertained me with stories and revealed all kinds of secrets about the world.Multiplication tables,
7、on the other hand,just told me how much six times nine was.There was no joy in knowing that.Although even in third grade I understood that I shared with many other students a terrible fear and hatred of mathematics,I drew little comfort from that fact.Since then,I have struggled with math for a numb
8、er of reasons.”,Comment:In the essay,the writer explores herthesisby tracing a clear pattern of cause&effect.Drawing on her own experiences in school forexamples,she demonstrates why some students develop a terrible fear and hatred of mathematics.,Exercise:The following are sample introductory parag
9、raphs.Underline the thesis statement.11)Most people believe that stress has a negative effect on their lives.2)Under severe stress,most cannot function effectively or at all.3)Pressured by tight deadlines,heavy workloads,or competitive situations,they may suffer from such problems as anxiety,sleeple
10、ssness,or ulcers.4)Yet stress in not necessarily bad.5)Contrary to poplar opinion,people can learn to turn stress into a valuable asset in the classroom and the workplace.,21.In the course of working my way through school,I have taken many jobs I would rather forget.2.I have spent nine hours a day l
11、ifting heavy automobile and truck batteries off the end of an assembly belt.3.I have risked the loss of eyes and fingers working a punch press 冲床 in a textile factory.4.I have served as a ward aide 病房勤杂工 in a mental hospital,helping care for brain-damaged men who would break into violent fits at une
12、xpected moments.5.But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant.6.The work was physically hard;the pay was poor;and most of all,the working conditions were dismal.,31)Sixty-five is the traditional age for workers to retire in the United States.2)Conventional wisdom says that the
13、y have fulfilled their work obligations and should now leave job openings for those on the way up the career ladder,including young people just startingout.3)However,for many reasons,todays companies should look for ways to keep their older employees instead of forcing people to retire at age sixty-
14、five.,41)Tae kwon do is a Korean martial art.2)It is a way of fighting and self-defense based on any understanding of both body and mind.3)As a college student,I discovered tae kwon do.4)Even though I was physically fit and planned to become a police officer,I thought that women needed special skill
15、s to protect themselves.5)Tae kwon do teaches these skills and much more.6)The person who practices tae kwon do gains discipline,maturity,and a changed self-concept.,51)Throughout human history,the physical universe has often presented dangers to explorers.2)For example,when primitive humans left th
16、eir tribal villages to search for food and water,they risked death or injury from dangerous animals.3)Later,when people sailed the oceans in search of new lands for settlement or trade,many died in terrible storms.4)Similarly,the ocean of outer space has many dangers,but it also has several unique c
17、hallenges for explorers.,Conclusion paragraph,Writers have just taken the reader through a organized and convincing essay.Now readers seek satisfactionby reading a conclusion statement thatwraps up all the main pointsnicely.Frequently,the ideas in the body of an essay lead to some significant conclu
18、sion that can be stated and explained in this final paragraph.,Good conclusions can even have astriking ending.It shouldevoke supportive emotionsin the reader,reflecting the same emotions the reader felt throughout the essay.Nothing is more disappointing to a reader than reaching a flat and boring e
19、nding.Concluding statements which refer back to the introductory paragraph(i.e.the attention-getter)are appropriate here;it offers a nice stylistic touch which brings the essay full circle.,The conclusion paragraphs typically:Revisits the Value of the Essay Restates the Thesis Reviews Main Points Co
20、nsiders unexplored areas Leaves the reader thinking,Example1:There are other difficulties involved with space exploration,but these are three of the most important ones.In summary,without adequate air pressure,the unprotected human body may be seriously harmed in a vacuum.In addition,meteors can thr
21、eaten human life and damage spacecraft.Finally,the lack of water in space means that human life may have a difficult time surviving on other planets.As one can see,the challenges of space travel are rather different from terrestrial dangers.,Example2:As mentioned above,the Earths natural environment
22、 has often presented dangers to explorers.Dangerous animals,vast oceans,and violent weather have presented risks to humans.However,the new frontier of outer space,with its vacuum,meteors,and lack of water,presents unique challenges to people who desire to explore it.,Example3:Restate Thesis&Revisit
23、Value of EssayIt is clear that the only acceptable way of ensuring the safety of airline passengers is to begin a program to issue Safe Traveler Cards or national ID cards to United States citizens.Review Main PointsThese cards would screen out those who are unlikely to be terrorists and would also
24、eliminate the delays that currently characterize air travel.Most important,they would help prevent terrorists from high jacking American Planes.At the same time,by making racial profiling种族定性unnecessary,these cards would help protect personal and civil liberties of Americans.Leave Reader Thinking On
25、ly by instituting a national ID card system can the U.S.make certain that the terrorists who attacked the United States did not hijack the liberties that are so precious to us.,Exercise:The following are sample introductory paragraphs.Underline the sentence that restate the thesis.1 If AIDS is natur
26、al,then there is nomessagein its spread.But by all that science has learned and all that rationality proclaims,AIDS works by amechanismand we can discover it.Victory is not ordained 制定，规定by any principle of progress,or any slogan of technology,so we shall have to fight like hell,and be watchful.Ther
27、e is no message,but there is a mechanism.,2Though serving on a jury is not only a civic responsibility but also an interesting experience,many people still view jury duty as a chore that interrupts their jobs and the routine of their daily lives.However,juries are part of Americas attempt to be a fr
28、ee and just society.Thus,jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens.,3Without well-qualified teachers,schools are little more than buildings and equipment.If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students,there will not only be a shortage of teac
29、hers,but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications.Our youth will suffer.And when youth suffers,the future suffers.,4Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidates qualifications and positions on the issues.Instead,most tell us what a boob笨蛋or knave骗子the opposing
30、candidate is,or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American.Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate选民or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choose soft drinks and soap?,5I have not here been considering the
31、literary use of language,but merely language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought.One ought to recognize that the present political chaos is connected with the decay of language,and that one can probably bring about some improvement by starting at the verbal e
32、nd.If you simplify your English,you are freed from the worst follies愚蠢；荒唐事of orthodoxy.You cannot speak any of the necessary dialects,and when you make a stupid remark its stupidity will be obvious,even to yourself.Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable,and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.One cannot change this all in a moment,but one can at least change ones own habits,and from time to time one can even,if one jeers 嘲笑；戏弄loudly enough,send some worn-out and useless phrase into the dustbin where it belongs.,
