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1、英语语法专题课件,专题1名词,知识网络考点一 名词的分类,考点二 名词的复数形式1.规则变化,续表,2.不规则变化3.复合名词的复数形式有两种(1)将主体词变为复数，如：sisterinlawsistersinlaw(嫂子)boy classmateboy classmates,(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是man或 woman，如：man worker men workerswoman teacher women teachers4特殊情况(1)有些名词只有复数形式，如：Clothes,shorts，pants，goods，glasses(眼镜)(2)有些名词以s
2、结尾，但不是复数形式，如：,news，maths，physics，politics(3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：room(空间)a room(房间)work(工作)works(著作)(4)不可数名词的数量表达不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如：a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一则新闻/一张纸还可用much，little，a little，a large amount of，some，any，no，lots of，plenty of等来修饰不可数名词，如：,much money，some milk(5)数词名词
3、形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式，如：He is a fouryearold boy.他是个4岁的男孩。(fouryearold不能说成fouryearsold)a fivefootdeep hole一个五英尺深的洞考点三 名词所有格1表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式，在此名词词尾加s，或直接加。(1)单数名词加s，如：Marys book,(2)以s结尾的复数名词只加，不以s结尾的复数名词要加s，如：the three girls father 这三个女孩的父亲the childrens presents 孩子们的礼物(3)表示几个人共有，仅在最后一个人的名字
4、后加s；表示各自所有时，需在各个名字后加s，如：Mary and Janes car(她俩人共有的车)Marys and Janes cars(她俩各自的车)(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如：the barbersthe barbers shop理发店,to my auntsto my aunts house到我姑姑家(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，也可以加s构成所有格。如：a weeks time 一周的时间Chinas population中国的人口2表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：名词of所有者，如：the name
5、of the zoo动物园的名字3双重所有格：即ofs或of名词性物主代词，如：a book of my daughters 我女儿的一本书The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。,考点四 名词的句法功能名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、表语、状语、定语等。名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如：girl students(女学生)paper flowers(纸花)名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如：sports meeting(运动会),一、单项选择1(2013山西)Read the _carefully.They will help you
6、know how to use the popper.AInstructions Bdecisions Cresults【解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。instruction“说明”；decision“决定”；result“结果”。由后句“它们会帮你知道如何使用这台爆米花机”可判断本句为“认真读说明”，故instructions符合句意。【答案】A,2(2013河北)Cici enjoys dancing.Its one of her _.Aprize Bprizes Chobby DHobbies【解析】本题考查名词。one of后接名词的复数，表示“中的一个”，故排除A、C两项；pri
7、ze“奖品”，hobby“爱好”，跳舞是一种爱好，故选D项。【答案】D,3(2013天津)For my homework I have to write a(n)_about the wonders of the world.Amusic BpictureCcomposition Dexam【解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。music“音乐”；picture“图画”；composition“作文”；exam“考试”。music是不可数名词，不能用不定冠词a/an修饰，故排除A项；动词write不能和picture搭配，也应排除；家庭作业不可能是考试，D项也排除。故选C。【答案】C,4(201
8、3哈尔滨)Boys and girls，feeling peaceful is the first step to become _ in the exam.So please take a deep breath and calm down.Arunners Bwinners Cplayers【解析】本题考查名词在语境中的运用。runner“跑步者”；winner“获胜者”；player“运动员”。在考试中应成为获胜者，故winners符合句意。【答案】B,5(2013安徽)I have great _ in learning math and Im so worried.Could you
9、 help me?Sure.Id be glad to.Atrouble Binterest Cjoy Dfun【解析】本题考查名词的用法。have trouble/difficulty/problems(in)doing sth.“做某事有困难”。interest“兴趣”；joy“高兴，欣赏”；fun“乐趣”，均不符合题意。【答案】A,6(2013南京)Mrs Black,could you give me some advice on how to write an application letter?With pleasure.Remember that the letter shou
10、ld be written in the formal _.Avalue Bstyle Ceffect Dmood【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。value“益处，价值”；style“风格，文体”；effect“影响，效果”；mood“情绪，心情”。由语境知“写申请信应用正式文体”。【答案】B,7(2013重庆)Could you please get me some _？Im hungry.Aapple Bwater Cbread Degg【解析】本题考查名词的用法。由第二句Im hungry.(我饿了。)知空格处需填“吃的东西”，故排除选项B；选项A、D均为可数名词，由题干中的some判断需
11、用可数名词复数或不可数名词，故排除A、D两项。bread“面包”，为不可数名词，符合题意。【答案】C,8(2013武汉)Im going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.OK.Thanks for your _.Aoffer BinformationCmessage Dorder【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。offer“提供，提议”；information“信息”；message“口信”；order“顺序，订货，命令”。句意为“我要去超市。让我为你买些水果吧。”“好吧，谢谢你的好意。”故选A。【答案】A,9(2013上海)These n
12、atural disasters have warned us that everyone should start to protect the _immediately.Aamusement BdevelopmentCenvironment Dgovernment【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。amusement“娱乐”；development“发展”；environment“环境”；government“政府”。句意为“这些自然灾害已经告诫我们每个人应立刻开始保护环境。”【答案】C,10(2013黄冈)Mrs.Wang was sent to teach English in a poor
13、 mountain village last year.She said she would never forget some pleasant _ while working there.Aexperiments Bexpressions Cexperiences Demotions【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。experiment“实验”；expression“表达”；experience“经历”；emotion“感情”。空格所在句的句意为“她说她永远也不会忘记在那工作时的一些美好的经历。”故选C。【答案】C,11(2013宁波)Excuse me,where can I exchang
14、e _？Theres a bank on the second floor.Abooks Bfood CmoneyDstamps【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。根据答语“Theres a bank on the second floor.(在二楼有一家银行。)”可知，要兑换的是“钱”。故选C。【答案】C,12(2013扬州)Im sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired.Theres no _ for this while you are at work.Acause Bexcuse Cmatter Dchoice【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。c
15、ause“原因”；excuse“理由，借口”；matter“事情”；choice“选择”。由空格所在句的句意“当你工作时这样做是没有理由的”知选B。【答案】B,13(2013陕西)John wants to be a _，so he often helps sick people in the hospital.Areporter Bdoctor Cscientist Dcook【解析】本题考查名词词义辨析。reporter“记者”；doctor“医生”；scientist“科学家”；cook“厨师”。由句意“因此他经常在医院里帮助病人”知约翰想成为一名医生，故选B。【答案】B,14(2013
16、内江)I have trouble learning math this term.You should pay more _to your teachers advice.Amoney Battention Ctime【解析】本题考查名词的用法。pay attention to.“注意”，是固定短语，故选B。【答案】B,15(2013盐城)The two cities have reached an _to develop science and technology.Aeducation Bexcitement Cagreement Dinvention【解析】本题考查名词的用法。reac
17、h an agreement“达成协议”，是固定搭配，故选C。【答案】C,16(2012中考变式题)Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are_.Afriends BneighborsCclassmates Dstrangers【解析】由答语前面的“对不起，我不认识他”，可知这里是指“陌生人”。【答案】D,17(2012中考变式题)I dont think looking after children is just _ work.
18、Awoman Bwomans Cwomen Dwomens【解析】句意为“我认为照看孩子不仅仅是女人的工作。”由句意可判断此处应用名词所有格，又因为woman的复数形式是women，故选D。【答案】D,18(2012中考变式题)Why are you still waiting in line?Ive missed my _.Aplace Border Cturn Dtime【解析】句意为“你为什么仍然在排队？”“我错过了我的一次机会了。”place“地方”；order“顺序”；turn“轮到的机会”；time“时间”。通过句意可知，只有C项符合题意，故答案为C。【答案】C,19(2012中考
19、变式题)I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.Right.It is one of the _ in my school.Achoices Bplans Chobbies Drules【解析】句意为“我听说你每天必须跑步半小时。”“是的，这是我们学校的规则之一。”choices“选择”；plans“计划”；hobbies“爱好”；rules“规则”。所以选择答案D。【答案】D,20(2012中考变式题)_ mothers cant go to the meeting,because they have gone to New Yor
20、k on business.AAlice and Lilys BAlices and LilysCAlices and Lily【解析】A选项是指她们共同的母亲；B选项表示她们各自的母亲；C选项没有这种表达形式，首先排除。由后句的they可知，这里指的是她们各自的母亲，因此答案为B。【答案】B,21(2012中考变式题)Something is wrong with my _.I cant see anything around me.Anose Bears Ceyes Dmouth【解析】看不清周围的东西，故应该为眼睛有毛病。【答案】C,22(2012中考变式题)The land in th
21、e southwest of China is in great need of _.Yes,it hasnt rained for a long time there.Amilk Btea Ccoffee Dwater【解析】根据答语可知西南很需要水，故答案选D。【答案】D,23(2012中考变式题)How far is your home from school?Its about two _ walk.Ahours Bhours Chours【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法。两小时的路程表达是“two hours walk”，hour需要变复数后加“”，故选C。【答案】C,24(2012
22、中考变式题)Im not sure about the meaning of the word.Youd better look it up in a _.Aletter Bdictionary Cpostcard Dnotice【解析】letter“书信”；dictionary“字典、词典”；postcard“卡片”；notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思。”“你最好查词典。”知答案选B。【答案】B,25(2012中考变式题)Whose computer doesnt work?_，I think.AJohn has BJohn does CJohn DJohns【解析】句意
23、为“谁的计算机出毛病啦？”“约翰的，我想。”故答语应用名词所有格形式，所以答案应选D。【答案】D,26(2014中考预测题)Oh,my God!We have missed the last bus.What shall we do?Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.Achoice Bdecision Creason Didea【解析】“have missed the last bus”和“but to take a taxi”可知是别无选择。句意是“哎，天啊，我们已经错过了最后一班车，我们应该怎么办呢？”“我想我们除了乘出租车别无选择了。”【
24、答案】A,27(2014中考预测题)Good morning,madam.Can I help you?Sure,Id like _，please.Atwo cups of coffees Btwo cup of coffeesCtwo cups of coffee Dtwo cup of coffee【解析】coffee 是不可数名词，不能加s，排除A和B；两杯应是two cups，排除D。故选C。【答案】C,28(2014中考预测题)Do you know the young lady over there?Yes.Shes _ mother.ALily and Lucy BLilys a
25、nd LucysCLilys and Lucy DLily and Lucys【解析】根据空后的mother可知是两人共有的，两人共有某物时，只需要在后一个词后加s。句意是“你认识那儿的那个年轻女士吗？”“是的，她是莉莉和露西的妈妈。”【答案】D,29(2014中考预测题)After walking for more than half an hour,we decided to take _ rest.Aa few minutes Ba few minutesCa little minutes Da little minutes【解析】minute是可数名词由a few来修饰且要用复数形式，
26、名词以s结尾时，所有格直接加。句意是“走了半个多小时后，我们决定休息几分钟。”故选B。【答案】B,30(2014中考预测题)Where are the_？They are playing_ basketball on the playground.Aman teachers;the Bmen teachers;theCman teachers;/Dmen teachers;/【解析】man作定语时，两个名词都要变复数；球类运动的短语中，球类之前不可用冠词，故选D。句意是“男老师在哪儿？”“他们正在操场上打篮球。”【答案】D,31(2014中考预测题)Betty has a silk_.She
27、can sing very well.Avoice Blook Csound Dnoise【解析】根据“She can sing very well.”可知她的声音很好，人的声音用voice表示。句意是“贝蒂的声音好，她可以唱得非常好。”【答案】A,32(2014中考预测题)Oh,there isnt enough_ for us on the bus.No hurry.Lets wait for the next one.Afloor Bground Croom Dplace【解析】根据on the bus和答句可知是没有足够的空间够我们用了。句意是“哎呀，公共汽车上没有我们足够的空间了。”
28、“别着急，让我们等下一趟吧。”【答案】C33(2014中考预测题)I saw many _ eating grass,on the hill.Ahorse Bcow Cdeers Dsheep【解析】many后跟名词复数，A，B都不是复数，deer和sheep单复数相同，故答案选D。【答案】D二、根据句意及所给汉语意思写出所缺单词(15分)1(2013苏州)The Great Wall of China is one of the _(奇迹)of the world.【解析】“奇迹”为wonder，one of后接复数名词。【答案】wonders,2(2013铜仁)More and more
29、_(外国人)come to visit China.【解析】“外国人”为foreigner；more是many的比较级，后接名词的复数。【答案】foreigners3(2013烟台)After three _(星期)holiday,we came back to work.【解析】本题考查名词所有格的用法。以s结尾的复数名词的所有格在s后加“”。【答案】weeks,4(2013黄冈)To our great _(惊讶),Tom failed to pass the graduation exam.【解析】to ones surprise“使某人惊讶的是”。【答案】surprise5(2013宁
30、波)He cant see the blackboard clearly,so he needs a pair of _(眼镜)【解析】a pair of glasses“一副眼镜”。【答案】glasses,6(2013扬州)We should pay attention to our behavior and try to be good_(公民)【解析】由主语we知，要填复数形式citizens。【答案】citizens7(2013兰州)They have planted about five _(千)trees in and around the town in the past few
31、 years.【解析】英语中的hundred，thousand，million，billion等词如果前面有基数词修饰，一律用单数，故填原形thousand。【答案】thousand,8(2012中考变式题)The camera was one of the greatest _(发明)in the 19th century.【解析】根据空前的“one of the greatest”可知用名词的复数。句意是“照相机是十九世纪最伟大的发明之一。”【答案】inventions9(2012中考变式题)How many times do you brush your_(牙齿)every day?【解
32、析】tooth的复数形式是teeth。【答案】teeth,10(2012中考变式题)Please tell me the_(胜利者)telephone number.I want to interview him.【解析】句意是“请告诉我胜利者的电话号码，我想采访他。”胜利者是winner，其所有格在其后加s。【答案】winners11(2012中考变式题)There are many fresh_(土豆)in the supermarket.【解析】因句中有many,many后接名词的复数，potato的复数是potatoes。【答案】potatoes,12(2014中考预测题)Thank
33、you very much for your_(邀请)But Im so sorry that I cant come to your party tomorrow.【解析】空白处前有your修饰，故要用名词形式，而invite的名词是invitation。【答案】invitation13(2014中考预测题)Take a short rest after two_(小时)hard work,and you wont feel too tired.【解析】前面有two，所以应该用hour的复数形式hours的名词所有格。【答案】hours,14(2014中考预测题)Great_(变化)have
34、 taken place in our hometown.【解析】句中的谓语动词是have taken place，因此主语要用复数形式。【答案】changes15(2014中考预测题)A powerful earthquake hit Wenchuan in _(西南方),Chinas Sichuan Province on May 12th.【解析】表示“偏方向”时，先说南北，再说东西，故西南方为southwest。【答案】southwest,三、根据句意及所给首字母补全单词(18分)1(2013芜湖)A _is the fourth month of the year.【解析】一年的第四
35、个月份是April。【答案】April2(2013铜仁)My h_ is collecting stamps.I have collected thousands of stamps.【解析】集邮是一种爱好，故填hobby。【答案】hobby,3(2013铜仁)Mark Twain was born in the USA and English was his mother t _.【解析】mother tongue“母语”。由句意“马克吐温出生于美国，英语是他的母语。”可知答案。【答案】tongue4(2013成都)My mother is a nurse.She works in a fa
36、mous h _.【解析】由常识知护士工作的地点是医院。【答案】hospital,5(2013桂林)If you are in danger,remember to dial(拨)the telephone n _110 at once.【解析】句意为“如果你遇到危险，记住立刻拨电话号码110。”故填number。【答案】number6(2013桂林)Do you know what the p_ of China is now?Its over 1.3 billion.【解析】由答语知，上句是问现在中国的人口是多少，故填population。【答案】population,7(2012中考变式
37、题)New Year is a traditional f_ for Chinese people.【解析】根据New Year和traditional可知是节日。句意是“新年对中国人来说是传统的节日。”【答案】festival8(2012中考变式题)Tomorrow is my cousins birthday.Im going to buy a g_ for her.【解析】根据“my cousins birthday”可知想买生日礼物。句意是“明天是我堂妹的生日，我将给她买一件礼物。”【答案】gift,9(2012中考变式题)If theres something wrong with
38、your teeth，youd better go to see a d_.【解析】根据“something wrong with your teeth”可知要看牙医。句意是“如果你的牙齿出毛病了，你最好去看牙医。”【答案】dentist10(2012中考变式题)W_ is the coldest season of the year.【解析】根据“the coldest season of the year”可知是winter。句意是“冬天是一年中最冷的季节。”【答案】Winter,11(2012中考变式题)We dont go to the c_ much for movies becau
39、se we have a video.【解析】根据movies可知是cinema。句意是“我们不经常去电影院看电影，因为我们有一个录像机。”【答案】cinema12(2012中考变式题)When summer comes,day becomes longer and n_ becomes shorter.【解析】谓语动词是第三人称单数形式，故主语要用单数。【答案】night,13(2014中考预测题)P_ are my favourite animals and they live only in China.【解析】谓语动词是are，因此主语用复数形式。【答案】Pandas14(2014中考
40、预测题)Would you like to see the movie with me?Ive got two t_.【解析】“票”的英文单词为ticket，复数为tickets。【答案】tickets,15(2014中考预测题)Mary is such a shy girl that its hard for her to sing in p_.【解析】in public为固定词组，在公众场合。【答案】public16(2014中考预测题)Bill wants to buy a new jacket because his old one is out of s_.【解析】根据句意可知是想买
41、新的，是因为旧的过时了。out of style意为“过时”。句意是“比尔想买一件新夹克，因为他的旧的过时了。”【答案】style,17(2014中考预测题)England is a country in E_.【解析】根据a country和地理知识可知英国是欧洲的一个国家。句意是“英国是欧洲的一个国家。”【答案】Europe18(2014中考预测题)Dont smoke here.Look at the sign.It says“No S_”【解析】根据句意可知是别抽烟，no的后面要接名词或动名词，故用smoking。句意是“别抽烟。看那个标志牌。上面写着禁止吸烟。”【答案】Smoking
42、,专题2冠词、数词,知识网络,冠 词,表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。数词有两种：表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词，如：one，two，three.，ninetyfour等；表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词，如：first，second，third.，fifteenth等。There are five people in my family.We live on the sixth floor in a tall building.我家有五口人。我们住在一座高楼的第六层。考点一 冠词(一)定冠词的用法,定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那(这)个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用
43、，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1特指双方都明白的人或物。Take the medicine.把药吃了。2上文提到过的人或物。He bought a house.Ive been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3指世上独一无二的事物，如：the sun；或用于对两个人或事物比较时起特指作用的比较级前。,He is the taller of the two boys.两个男孩中他较高点。4与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar“美元”；或与形容词或分词连用表示一类人，如：the rich“富人”；the living“生者”。5用在序数词和形容词最高级
44、及形容词only,very,same 等前面。Where do you live？I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.,那正是我要找的东西。6与复数名词连用，指整个群体。They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)他们是这所学校的全体老师。They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)他们是这所学校的老师。7表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。She caught me by t
45、he arm.她抓住了我的手臂。,8用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国the United States 美国9用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前，但中国乐器前不加the。play the piano 弹钢琴10用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇二人”。the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇),11用在惯用语中。in the morning/afternoon/evening，in the end，by the way，at the age of，at the moment等。12用
46、于方向名词或表示江河、山脉、海峡等专有地理名称前。in the southeast of，at the back of，the Red Sea13用在逢十的复数名词前，表示年代，也指人的大约岁数。The young girl is in the twenties.这个年轻的女孩大约二十几岁。The war broke out in the forties.这场战争发生在40年代。,(二)不定冠词的用法1不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量，其意思和“one”差不多。What can I do for you,madam？要点什么，女士？I want an orange skirt for my da
47、ughter.我想为我女儿买条橘黄色的裙子。2泛指人或事物的某一类，尤其是作表语时要用a单数名词，而不用the单数名词。The dog is an honest animal to human beings.狗是对人类忠诚的动物。,3用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词前，有“每一”之意，相当于every。How much is the meat?肉多少钱？Its eight yuan a kilo.每公斤8块钱。4泛指某人或某物。A boy is looking at you.一个男孩在看你。5用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一份，一场”等。Would you like a drink?
48、你想喝杯饮料吗？6用于可视为一体的两个名词前。a knife and fork 一副刀叉,7用于某些习语中，如：a little/few/bit，in a hurry，catch a cold，have a good time，have a rest，after a while，in a word8用于固定结构后，如：quite/half/rather/many/sucha(an)名词Hes quite a famous artist.他是个很有名的艺术家。(三)零冠词的用法1在专有名词前不加冠词，如国名、省名、城市名、街名、公园名等。Sanya is in Hainan Province.三
49、亚在海南省。,2一日三餐、球类运动和学科名词前不加冠词。They like playing football after school.他们喜欢放学后踢足球。I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语。3表示节日、季节、星期、月份的名词前不加冠词，但若特指某年的某月、某季节，则需要在月份、季节前加the。Today is Friday/July 14th.今天是星期五/7月14日。It is summer now.现在是夏天。Yesterday was March 8th，Womens Day.昨天是3月8日妇女节。,4表示称呼或头衔的名词前，不加冠词。This is P
50、rofessor Wang.这是王教授。He is captain of the team.他是队长。5在有物主代词、不定代词、指示代词等作定语的名词前，不用冠词。His birthday is September 8th.他的生日是9月8日。6不可数名词前一般不用冠词。Which does he like better,fish or chicken?他更喜欢哪一个，鱼还是鸡？,7泛指的复数名词前不用冠词。Animals live in the forest.动物生活在树林里。8与by连用的交通工具前不用冠词，但与take或介词连用时，名词前要加冠词。They often go to sch
