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1、,英语长句分析与翻译技巧,一、英语长句的分析,造成长句的原因,修饰语过多；(2)并列成分多；(3)语言结构层次多。,找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。(3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等，若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5)注意插入语等其他成分。(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,分析长句时可以采用的方法,结合实例分析,例1.Behaviorists sugge
2、st that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.behaviorist 行为学家 stimuli stmjla n.刺激因素stimulus的复数形式,结合实例分析,行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力
3、就会发展到较高的水平。,结合实例分析,例2.For a family of four，for example，it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home，with almost unlimited entertainment available，than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.For a family of four 做状语，表条件with almost unlimited entertainment available做伴随状语，修饰to
4、 sit comfortably at home,譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒服服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。,二、英语长句的翻译,英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。,定语从句的翻译技巧,1.限制性定语从句用前置法将原文的定语从句翻译成定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成中文的单句。I dont know the man who was talking with you just n
5、ow.,定语从句的翻译技巧,用后置法翻译成并列句The lungs are easily attacked by several diseases which are treatable by surgery.A painter needs inspiration from which all creation flows.融合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子的方法。翻译英语There be句型和带定语从句的复合句时常用融合法。There are many people who want to live in the cities.He did not find any
6、 one in the house who will be particularly interested in his career.,非限制性定语从句的翻译技巧,前置法译成定语词组Last night I read a novel,which is about the life of Chinese people in 1970s.后置法译成并列分句After dinner they resumed their experiment,which continued till into the night.-resume:begin again，continueI told the stor
7、y to Mary,who told it to her mother.,非限制性定语从句的翻译技巧,译成独立句We will put off the trip until next month,when the weather will be warmer.(put off:delay)3.兼有状语职能的定语从句He insisted on building another house，which he had no use for.(让步）I plan to buy a dress for my daughter,whose birthday is today.（原因）I made gre
8、at effort to learn computer skills,which would enable me to find a better job after graduation.（原因）,英语长句的翻译方法1,顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。1.Even when they turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for them,driving their refrigerators,heating their water,or k
9、eeping their rooms air-conditioned.,即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。,英语长句的翻译方法1,例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited，and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”，the time it will take to exhaust all known so
10、urces and reserves of these materials.,分析：该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that”，it为形式主语，that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to 结构，其中，不定式作主语，the time 是“expectation of life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句,可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,英语长句的翻译方法1,例3.Pr
11、ior to the twentieth century，women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.Prior to在之前 stereotypes 模式 be subject to 屈从于,在20世纪以前，小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人；他们还要屈从
12、于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。,英语长句的翻译方法2,(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century，because nowhere in nature is it found free，owing to its always being combined with other elements，most commonly with oxygen，for which it has a strong affinity.
13、Aluminum lu:mnm铝 affinity fnt亲密关系,铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧结合；因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力，由于这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以，铝直到19世纪才被人发现。,英语长句的翻译方法2,例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that，if students are not to waste their opportunities，there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more ad
14、vice.,因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。,该句由一个主句，一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成，“变得越来越重要”是主句，也是全句的中心内容，全句共有三个谓语结构，包含三层含义,英语长句的翻译方法2,例3.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar w
15、orkers.,许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。,英语长句的翻译方法3,(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述，为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。例1.The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four,大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。,英语长句的翻译方法3,例2.All the
16、y have to do is press a button，and they can see plays，films，operas，and shows of every kind，not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.,他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开，就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧，以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。,英语长句的翻译方法3,例3.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the
17、life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.,虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。,英语长句的翻译方法4,4)综合法。在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地
18、使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用。尤其是在一些情况下，一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。,英语长句的翻译方法4,例1.People were afraid to leave their houses，for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency，they were just as confused and helpless as
19、anybody else.分析：该句共有三层含义：在这三层含义中，表示让步，表示原因，而则表示结果，,尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。,英语长句的翻译练习,It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.,一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解。,Thank you!,E-mail adress:Password:englishxyk,
