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1、语料库研究基本方法,中国外语教育研究中心 梁茂成,主要内容,语料库语言学的性质几个常用术语语料库研究的基本方法,语料库语言学的性质,理性主义与经验主义Rationalism:I think therefore I am.Empiricism:My mind is a blank slate.Seeing is believing.,语料库语言学的性质,the Wax Argument:He considers a piece of wax;his senses inform him that it has certain characteristics,such as shape,textur
2、e,size,color,smell,and so forth.When he brings the wax towards a flame,these characteristics change completely.However,it seems that it is still the same thing:it is still a piece of wax,even though the data of the senses inform him that all of its characteristics are different.,语料库语言学的性质,the Wax Ar
3、gument:Therefore,in order to properly grasp the nature of the wax,he cannot use the senses.He must use his mind.Descartes concludes:“And so something which I thought I was seeing with my eyes is in fact grasped solely by the faculty of judgment which is in my mind.,语料库语言学的性质,Empiricism:Empiricism em
4、phasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to evidence,especially as discovered in experiments.It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world,rather than resting solely on reason
5、ing and intuition.,语料库语言学的性质,Science is considered to be methodologically empirical in nature.Corpus linguistics is empirical in nature.,语料库语言学的性质,语言研究中的数据类型内省数据（introspective data）:rationalism实验数据（experimental data）:empiricism真实数据（anthentic data）:empricism,语料库语言学的性质,语料库语言学提倡真实数据我们不排斥其他数据类型,语料库语言学的性
6、质,即便在语料库语言学阵营之中Corpus-driven:minimum theory-reliance.Exclusive reliance on corpus data for all theoriesCorpus-based:Reliance on corpus data for hypothesis-testingCorpus-referenced/informed:Occasionally resorting to corpus data for illustrations,语料库语言学的性质,我们坚决反对不顾语言事实的任何论断No introspection can claim c
7、redence without verification through real language data(Teubert 2005).,几个常用术语,CorpusCorpus linguistics,几个常用术语,Token,type,lemmaThe little boy looked at the other boys.,几个常用术语,Collocation is defined as a sequence of words which co-occur more often than would be expected by chance.a big smoker a strong
8、 smoker a hard smoker a heavy smoker a furious smoker,几个常用术语,It is quite possible,in fact,to describe a woman as handsome.However,this implies that she is not beautiful at all in the traditional sense of female beauty,but rather that she is mature in age,has large features and a certain strength of
9、character.Similarly,a man could be described as beautiful,but this would usually imply that he had feminine features.,几个常用术语,Colligation is defined as a sequence of grammatical categories which co-occur more often than would be expected by chance.,几个常用术语,Semantic prosody is instantiated when a word
10、such as CAUSE co-occurs regularly with words that share a given meaning or meanings,and then acquires some of the meaning(s)of those words as a result.This acquired meaning is known as semantic prosody.(Stewart 2010),语料库研究的基本方法,Corpus-based approach:a hypothesis-testing approachCorpus-driven approac
11、h:with as“few preconceived ideas”as possible,“keeping the amount of theory-reliance to a minimum in order not to hinder the process of discovering new phenomena”(Rmer 2005),语料库研究的基本方法,Both approaches almost always involve a comparion of some kind.,语料库研究的基本方法,Sizes of corpora in comparison(Rayson 200
12、3)Small bigEqual sizes,语料库研究的基本方法,Types of comparisonAcross genresAcross usersAcross different timesAcross(varieties of)language(s),语料库研究的基本方法,Corpus comparability,语料库研究的基本方法,Linguistic features in corpus comparisonLexicalLexico-grammaticalSyntacticDiscoursal,语料库研究的基本方法,Statistic tests in corpus comparisonSimple:Relationship(correlation,etc)Difference(chi-square,loglikelihood,etc.)Complicated:regression analysis,factor analysis,cluster analysis,correspondence analysis,语料库研究的基本方法,语料库,研究问题,软件,词汇短语搭配语义韵类联接句式等,内容5,Thank you.,
