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1、Copyright,1,Reading Skills,Copyright,2,Skill 1：Dealing with rising tone1.英语中的升调一般用于:(5种)a.一般疑问句，如：Do you come here a lot?Have you been to any foreign countries?b.选择疑问句的前半部分，如：Is she an English teacher or Chinese teacher?Are you here for the tickets or books?,Copyright,3,c.若干相同类目的词语并列出现时，除最后一项外，如：I w
2、ant low fat yogurt,tuna salad,chocolate cake and hamburger special.My ideal man must be handsome,generous,dependable and considerate.d.表示疑问的陈述句，如：You want a cup of coffee?You dont work here?,Copyright,4,e.表现祝贺，同情，或热情时：如 Congratulations!Im sorry to hear that.Have a nice weekend.2.一般疑问句升调的训练要领：要练习好一般疑
3、问句的升调，首先要学好单词的升调。因为一般疑问句的升调明显表现在句子的最后一个单词上，陡直的升音明显地落在最后一个单词的最后一至两个音上。,Copyright,5,大多数中国学生使用升调时，会从单词的第一个音一直持续升到最后一个音，这样听起来极不自然。需要注意的是：升音并不是从单词的第一个音开始，只有单词的最后一到两个音时，突然很陡地升上去，请参照下面反映升调变化的曲线图，给单词正确升调：university language student questions school countries disappointed American,Copyright,6,Skill 2：Dealing
4、 with falling tone1.英语中的降调一般用于：(5种)a.特殊疑问句：Where have all the flowers gone?What the hell did he do?b.感叹句：What a game!What depressing information!,Copyright,7,c.反义疑问句中，当说话人对自己所说的内容已经很确定，知识象征性地与对方确认一下时：We all live in a global village,arent we?A small world,isnt it?d.选择疑问句的最后一个选项，如：Do you prefer hand-w
5、ritten letter or E-mail?Does she raise rats or rabbits?e.并列出现的若干相同类目词语的最后一项，如：I want a house with a dining room,two bedrooms,a bath and a basement.,Copyright,8,2.特殊疑问句降调训练要领：特殊疑问句在通常情况下使用降调，但仅了解这一点是不够的。实际上，特殊疑问句的音调变化是有规律可循的，以下列句子为例：Where were you born?Which countries have you been to?Which universit
6、y did you graduate?Why are you learning English?我们发现整个句子的语调如下曲线图：,Copyright,9,起调时，特殊疑问句的音调较高，遇到助动词时弱读，并且将音调降下来，然后渐渐提高，一般在句子的最后一个单词重重地降下来。Which university did you graduate?Why are you learning English?,Copyright,10,Skill 3：Dealing with pause 讲英语或读英语时，尤其是遇到长句时，适当的停顿很重要。停顿并非随心所欲读累了就停，而要根据意群（句子中构成相对独立完整
7、的意思的语言单位）来停。一般来说，段与段之间的停顿时间最长，其次是句与句之间的停顿，最后才是句子内部意群之间的停顿，例如：主语与分句或从句之间的停顿。句子内部意群之间的停顿，在下列情况下尤其突出：(9种),Copyright,11,1主句与从句（定语从句、宾语从句等）之间 a.These are the robots of our dreams,intelligent machines that live to serve.b.And,the FBI confronts the most heavily armed militia that US law enforcement has eve
8、r faced.c.James Bond,the ultimate survivor knows very well that there are many ways to kill.,Copyright,12,2.条件状语、时间状语等分句与主句之间 a.All would be lost if not for the strength of one woman.b.Welcome to paradise.When you arrive here youll find a million secrets and as you explore it,youll find a million mo
9、re.3.当后置定语较长时，其与所修饰的核心词之间 a.As we reveal the secret strategies of an FBI crisis negotiator,these stories are straight ahead on Best Kept Secrets.b.But for their variety of appearance,all dogs are simply mutations of their closet ancestral relative,the wolf.c.How does the FBI solve cases like the Okl
10、ahoma City Bombing?,Copyright,13,4.表时间、地点、距离、方式等的介词短语与句 子其他成分之间 a.The four hundred-year-old Hapsburg dynasty still commands most of Europe to the envy of her neighbours.b.Wolves had competed for prey with another group of hunters,complex communicators not unlike themselves.c.Her crew is plotting a c
11、ourse to one of the most notorious points in the north Atlantic,the site of Titanic disaster.,Copyright,14,5.表目的、伴随动作、原因、或结果的分词短语与句子其他成分之间 a.Perhaps the wolves were drawn in by the smell of meat cooking cover a fire,and into contract into their rivals.b.Tucked high in the canyon hills are aristocrat
12、ic retreats over-looking some of the most expensive real estate in the United States.c.But for the Russian people born to this giant land,Europe is distant horizon beyond their imagination.,Copyright,15,6.不定式短语与句子其他成分之间 a.What exactly happened on that terrible night to cause the death of one thousan
13、d of five hundred and twenty-three men,women and children?b.Science is taking us back in time to witness the sinking of the unsinkable Titanic.c.She is the first woman to inherit the Hasburg thrown,and few believe she can keep it.,Copyright,16,7.以and或or分隔的较长的句子成分之间But youre not in the jungle of Bali
14、 or even a hidden sanctuary somewhere in Thailand.b.He drags millions out of the Dark Ages and forges a new nation.c.It defies definition and can only be described as unbelievable,capricious and dreamlike.,Copyright,17,8.同位语与句子其他成分之间The one exception:her devoted husband Francis,duke of Lorraine.9.插入
15、语与句子其他成分之间a.At times,dogs appears to move and react like wild animals,yet they are by definition,domesticated.b.The instruments of death have pushed technology to the limits in what has become the Deadly Game.,Copyright,18,Skill 4：Dealing with weak forms of auxiliary verbs 助动词弱读在句子中的应用：学会助动词的弱读，是掌握连
16、读技巧的第一步。任何一种语言，在口语表达时，句子中的单词有重读、弱读这样的变化，句子听上去才生动、自然。英语也不例外。1.在英语中，哪些单词在句子中需要弱读呢？一般情况下，助动词会明显地弱读。,Copyright,19,请看下面的例句，揣摩助动词在句中是如何被弱读的：Do you come here a lot?They werent expecting us.Theyre having another argument.We havent been told anything yet.,Copyright,20,2.助动词弱读时的发音变化：助动词弱读时，其发音与单词音标中的发音会有一些不同，
17、快读时，他们发音会变为：do you/dju/Im/aim/werent/wnt/were/w/theyre/Ill/aiI/being/bi/have/hv/was/wz/theyve/ei/been/bin/well/wiI/were/wi/be/bi/havent/hvn/,Copyright,21,Skill 5：Dealing with the weak form of“of”1.Of的弱读形式：of 在词典中的音标及它的重读形式为：/v/，而当它出现在句子中时，很少采取strong form,而会采取其弱读形式，即/v/。,Copyright,22,2.of 与其他单词的连读 当o
18、f 前面单词的最后一个音为辅音时，该辅音与of的弱读形式的起首元音/构成连读，可以构成一个音节来发音；同样道理，当of后面单词的第一个音为元音时，该元音与of弱读形式结尾的辅音/v/也构成连读。例如下面的短语：a flightof stairs a pieceof furniture an itemof news a pinchof salt a cartonof milk a barof chocolate a bunchof flowers a bundleof sticks a suiteof room a clusterof houses a touchof bitterness,Co
19、pyright,23,Skill 6：Dealing with the weak forms of prepositions1.处理好介词的弱读，会让您的英语听起来流利得多。2.常用介词在重读和弱读时的不同发音：,Copyright,24,Skill 7：Dealing with sentence stress 语句重音（sentence stress）是指根据不同的交际需要而对句子的某个或者某些词加以强调。重音的特点是：发音用力较多，音量较大，时间较长。重音分为：表意重音，逻辑重音及情感重音。1.表意重音：表意重音是指讲话人在没有受个人情感影响或没有特意将句中的某一信息加以强调的情况下，对句
20、中所有实词一视同仁地加以强调。实词包括：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、指示代词、疑问代词等；虚词包括：介词、冠词、助动词、连词、人称代词等。如：,Copyright,25,a.In general,we emphasize a word as we stress a syllable by giving it more force,longer duration,and higher pitch.b.I believe the course I have followed with China is the one thats best for America,disagreeing whe
21、re we have serious disagreements,pursuing our common interests where I thought it was in the interest of the United States.(Bill Clinton),Copyright,26,2.逻辑重音：逻辑重音又叫对比重音，指讲话人有意将句中的某个成分（一般只有一个，但也有两个的情况）与上下文当中的另一个成分相对比而给予的特殊强调。此时，句中本来该重读的实词被读得快而弱，本来该弱读的虚词被减弱到几乎听不出来的程度。,Copyright,27,试比较一组7个句子：1.I sugges
22、t you talk to her this evening.2.I suggest you talk to her this evening.3.I suggest you talk to her this evening.4.I suggest you talk to her this evening.5.I suggest you talk to her this evening.6.I suggest you talk to her this evening.7.I suggest you talk to her this evening.,Copyright,28,注意：虚词由于逻辑
23、重音而重读时，应使用重读形式（stressed form），如：-Would you like a cup of coffee to wake you up?-A/ei/cup of coffee?I need two or three.(一杯怎么行？我要喝两三杯。)3.情感重音是指说话人在处于极为激动的情况下，对某个能表达其情感的词或词组给予超常规的强调。如：We Chinese people are unconquerable.,Copyright,29,Skill 8：Dealing with linking 我们在听英语时，会发现漂亮的口语听起来流畅，有跳跃感和音乐感。这是由连读带来的
24、效果。连读的规则如下：1.在语速较慢的语流中，意群内的辅音和元音可以统统连起来。如：because of an air raid 应该读作 because of an air raid/biKzvnreid/when I was an undergraduate应该读作 when I was an undergraduate/weniwznndrdueit/,Copyright,30,2.在正常或者较快的语速中，只要句子不太长（大约15个单词以内），其中所有的辅音都可以跟后面的元音连读，意群和意群之间也可以连读。如：Please write it in English and give it
25、to your uncle as soon as possible.可以读作：Please write it in English and give it to your uncle as soon as possible./plizrititiniglingivitjrklsunspsbl/,3.以字母r或者re结尾的单词在与紧跟其后的词首元音相连时，须加进一个/r/，这个/r/叫“连接/r/”。如there is可以读作/riz/，fair enough可以读作/frinf/等。此外，还有一种/r/叫“插入/r/”，即以/或/结尾的单词，即使没有字母r或re,若其后紧跟着非重读元音，连读时
26、中间要插入一个/r/。如：drama and music/drmrnmjuzik/,Russia and China/rrntin/,law and order/lrnd/,4.元音和元音之间也可以连读，如词尾的/u/可以与其后面的词首元音相连，中间可以加一个/w/，如blue eye/blui/。这种情况最好是“含糊处理”，即不要把/w/读得太明显。5.词尾的/i/跟后面的词首元音相连时，可以在中间加一个/j/，如tea and coffee可以读作/tijnkfi/，又如no fee or tuition可以读作/nufijtjuin/,Copyright,33,连读练习,write in
27、 English not at all all in all the apple of his eye a girl attendant just a moment check in checked out,hold on in spite of that an apple a day far away there are a couple of weeks ago most important of all,34,father and mother here and there for about a week for instance more and more a number of s
28、pecial English burst into tears level of difficulty,How are you?He is interested in fine arts.Am I right?What about a drink?The aim of a hotel is to create a home away from home.,35,Skill 9：Dealing with loss of explosion 当前面一个单词的最后一个音是辅音，后面一个单词的第一个音也还是辅音，那么前面一个单词的最后一个辅音一般可以不发出来。失爆练习(下划线部分为失爆部分)at most at best at present at night keep track of stop the car cab-driver keep quiet kick the ball throughout China good chance not now night train get through should not good night right there passport number,
