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1、词义的选择、引申和褒贬,一、词义的选择(diction/choice of words),英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义现象。1.一词多类是说一个词往往属于多个词类，具有几个不同的意义。2.一词多义是说同一个词在同一词类中，往往有几个不同的词义。,（一）根据词在句子中的词类选择和确定词义。,以单词like为例：1 He likes English and maths.(vt.喜欢)2 Do as you like.(vi.愿意)3 Like charges rebel;unlike charges attract.(adj.相同的)4 Very like,he will come tomo
2、rrow.(adv.可能)5 Like knows like.（n.同类人/物）6 He looks like an American.(prep.像，如，跟-一样.)7 I hope I can speak Putonghua like you do.(conj.如同),She is a good Christian,a good parent,a good wife,a good daughter and a good teacher.,在原文中用的是同一个单词，但如译成汉语后都用“好”，难免单调乏味。可译成：她是一个虔诚的基督徒，一个慈爱的母亲，一个贤良的妻子，一个孝顺的女儿，一个优秀的
3、教师。,（二）根据上下文及词在句中的搭配关系选择词义。,英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往含义不同，必须根据上下文和词的搭配关系或句型来判定其在特定场合下应具有的词义。,以形容词last 为例：1 He is the last man to come.2 He is the last man to do it.3 He is the last person for such a job.4 He should be the last to blame.5 He is the last man to consult.6 This is the last place where I expe
4、cted to meet you.,以形容词last 为例：1 他是最不可能来的。2 他决不会干那事。3 他最不适合做那工作。4 怎么也不该责备他。5 根本不宜找他商量。6 怎么也没想到在这里碰到你。,再以词组take off为例：1 Its so hot here.Youd better take off your coat.2 The plane took off one after another.3 He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working as though about to take off.4.
5、He wears a“baggies”(clothes with external pockets)that took off in schools and colleges.,再以词组take off为例：1 这里很热，脱下外衣吧。2 飞机相继起飞。3 他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起身来似的。4.他穿着曾在大、中学流行的“袋子装”。,二、词义的引申(amplification),（一）抽象化引申 英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词义加以抽象化引申，使译文流畅、自然。,1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的
6、属性的词。,1）There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in that persons character.,1）老虎和猿这两个具体形象引申它们所代表的属性，译为：那人残暴狡猾。,2）He is a Shylock!,2）Shylock是莎士比亚笔下的人物，其人刻薄歹毒，故该句引申译为：他凶险狡诈。,Every life has its roses and thorns.,这里把玫瑰和刺引申，译为：“每个人的生活有苦有甜。”,2、将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词。,1)Rich and powerful,he always goos
7、esteps on the street.,1)Goosestep的原义是从名词“鹅步、正步”转化而来的动词，根据上下文引申，译成：“他有钱有势，在街上总是耀武扬威，横行霸道。”,2）He is in critical condition,see-sawing between life and death.,2）See-saw原义是“跷跷板”，这里引申译为：他的病况危急，时好时坏，在生死之间徘徊。,（二）具体化引申,1英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具体化引申。,）Her mother gave her the go-ahead and she was able
8、to go camping.,）Go-ahead 由go ahead转来，意为“放行，允许”。具体化引申为“绿灯”：她妈妈给她开了绿灯，她才得以去野营。,）His degree was his entre to the company where he was offered a high salary.,）他的学位成了他进入那家公司获得高薪的敲门砖。,2 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作具体化引申，否则就不够清楚。,1）The car in front of me broke down and I missed the green.,1）我前面的那辆车抛锚了，
9、我错过了绿灯。,2)Could you give me a hand?,2)你是否可以帮我一下？（与汉语中的“帮手”同样构思。）,3)There were many pretty skirts in the class.,3)那个班里有不少漂亮女孩。（与汉语中的“裙钗”同样构思。）,4）During the meeting,the Chinese Pemier met respectively with his German,British and Japanese counterparts.,4）会议期间，中国总理分别会晤了德国总理、英国首相和日本国内阁总理大臣。,三、词义的褒贬(appra
10、isal),（一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意思，应相应表达。,1 He was very famous.2 He was very notorious.3 His deeds were praiseworthy.4 He keeps boasting that he once talked with the president.,1 他很有名望。2 他臭名昭著。3 他的行为值得赞扬4 他总是吹嘘说他曾与总统说过话。,（二）本无褒贬的中性词用在特定的上下文中就可能有褒或贬，翻译时要恰当地体现出来。,1 用褒义词表达,1）Mao Zedong showed his great ambitions
11、even when he was very young.2）The policeman was brave enough to arrest the murderer single-handed.3）We are proud of our motherland.,1）毛泽东在很年轻时就显露出他的雄心大志。2）那位警察单枪匹马逮捕了杀人犯，真是勇敢。3）我们为我们的祖国而自豪。,2 用贬义表达,1）Hitlers ambition to overran the whole Europe and the whole world was seen clearly.2）If the prisoner were brave enough to escape,just shoot him dead.3）He is so proud that he always look down upon all his classmates.,1）希特勒要征服整个欧洲乃至全世界的狼子野心暴露无遗。2）假若囚犯胆敢逃跑，就把他击毙。3）他十分傲慢，看不起所有同学。,
