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1、CLASSROOM LANGUAGE FOR JUNIOR HIGH ENGLISH TEACHERS初中英语教师课堂语言表达,ZHU HONGHUAQUJING NORMAL UNIVERSITYSep.20,2013,内容提要,课堂英语的应用,课堂语言 与课堂环境,1,2,一、课堂语言与课堂环境,课堂语言课堂语言表达艺术初中英语课堂环境创设良好的英语课堂环境,小组活动:讨论以下问题 10m,1.什么是课堂语言?2.课堂语言包含那些方面?3.课堂语言与课堂教学的关系是什么?4.我的课堂语言怎么样?有什么问题?5.课堂语言表达艺术的要素有那些?,1.课堂语言,存在问题 优秀教师的课堂语言课堂语
2、言的分类,存在问题,习惯性地重复一些句子 教师提出的问题不清晰 教师语言冗长,不生动,不形象 教师语速过快,声音不够响亮,语音不标准、方音较重;语调呆板,没有起伏变化 教师语言逻辑性不强,优秀教师的课堂语言,语言表达准确、灵活 提出问题简洁、明晰语言富有感染力,课堂语言的分类,有声语言和无声语言 有声语言:教师的教学用语(口语)无声语言:教师的体态语、板书(书面语)、多媒体语言 讲解语言问题语言评价语言,2.课堂语言表达艺术,中国古代教育名著学记:“善歌者使人继其声,善教者使人继其志,其言也,约而达成,微而藏,罕譬而喻,可谓继志矣也”苏霍姆林斯基:“教育的艺术首先包括谈话的艺术。”教育家季米良
3、捷夫:“教师不是传声筒,把书本的东西传达出来;也不是照相机,把现实复写下来,而是艺术家和创造者。”教育学家垮美纽斯:“教师的嘴,就是一个源泉,从那里可以发出知识的溪流。”德国著名教育家第斯多慧:“教育的艺术不在于传授本领,而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞。”,教师的语言艺术是课堂教学艺术的核心。课堂教学语言是教师开启学生心灵的钥匙,教学语言需要有它独有的风韵格调。对一个教师来说,要想改变课堂的枯燥、抽象、沉闷,使课堂充满艺术魅力,就必须努力创造自己的语言风格,塑造自己的语言形象,提高自己的语言修养和品位,创造性地运用语言的艺术,实现教学的艺术化。人们常说:“言如其人。”一个人的语言运用水平如何,能直接反
4、映其精神面貌、道德修养、知识水平。做为教师,无论上课、谈心、写文章都离不开语言表达。苏霍姆林斯基得出的结论是:“教师的语言修养在极大的程度上决定着学生在课堂上的脑力劳动的效率。”,语言表达对课堂教学的影响,教师语言对学生的显性影响教师语言对学生的隐性影响教师语言的连续性教师语言的整体性教师语言的整合性合理使用普通话,(1)教师语言对学生的显性影响,教师语言的准确性 教师语言的简洁性 教师语言的逻辑性教师语言的生成性,教师语言的准确性,准确性是教师最基本的要求。教师准确的语言不仅能够明确地传达意思,而且也是学生学习的典范。选字用词科学确切,不含混、不糊涂、不模棱两可。,教师规范正确的发音、自然流
5、畅的语调、抑扬顿挫的节奏能使学生置身于良好的语言学习环境中,保证教学信息在传输过程中发挥最佳的效能,潜移默化地培养学生良好的语言素养。像“cook dinner”、“go home”、“play football”、“My name is”等,一不小心学生就会说成“cook the dinner”、“go to home”、“play the football”、“I name is”,教师语言的简洁性,恩格斯:“言简意赅的句子,一经了解就能牢牢地记住,变成口号,而这是冗长的论述绝对做不到的。”语言精炼,就是要求教师在课堂教学中“少说废话”,用最少的语句表达最丰富的内容。有的教师唯恐学生“消化
6、不良”,课堂语言机械重复,废话连篇,降低了学生大脑皮层的兴奋程度,不利于学生掌握知识的重点和理解知识间的联系,更不利于发展学生智力,培养学生能力。教学语言表达要体现简洁性,即要言简意赅,干净利落。有些教师在平时教学中,经常“哼”、“啊”、“那么”、“这么”、“OK”、“yes”、地频繁使用口头语,会直接影响教学效果。语言精炼必须服从于教学规律,采用最优教学方法,放心大胆地让学生思考、讨论、归纳、总结,教师的语言只起到画龙点睛的作用。如:Follow me.Look here.等。,教师语言的逻辑性,德国哲学家黑格尔:“任何科学都是应用逻辑的。”这就要求,教学语言必须具有逻辑性,做到层次分明,句
7、句扣题,简洁明快,不东拉西扯,也不猛然跳跃,使学生听起来脉络清楚,泾渭分明,能启发思维活动,严密的逻辑性会产生一种吸引力,吸引学生。,教师语言的生成性,课堂上,有很多生成性因素是老师课前无法预料的,而这些恰巧可能成为课堂上的亮点。但是,不是所有的老师都具有随机应变的能力,那么怎么办呢?首先在教学设计的时候就要预设出课堂上可能出现的问题和处理方法。其次老师在思想上对生成性的内容给予重视,及时感觉并针对其内容寻找解决的办法。,(2)教师语言对学生的隐性影响,教师语言的丰富性语调、语气态势语,教师语言的丰富性,教师语言的丰富程度对学生起到潜移默化的示范作用。教师的语言不是简单地重复、总结学生的语言,
8、应高于学生的语言,要起到画龙点睛的作用。教师表现出来的对优美语言的热爱、追求,也影响着学生。,语气、语调合情合理,课堂教学语言要讲究节奏感,做到快慢得当,轻重有度、疏密相间、张弛适宜,教学语言不同于生活语言,就在于它的节奏不同,一般来说,教学语言比生活语言要慢,要有层次、有停顿,发声要洪亮,咬字要准确,发音要规范,说话速度快慢适宜,语调要自然有序。这样,才能使学生听起来从容不迫,能思,能记,有板有眼,点点入地。因此,教学语言的运用要掌握好节奏,做到抑扬顿挫、起伏跌宕。,体态语应用恰当,体态语言,又称教态,包括教师的手势、表情、眼神、体态、仪表等若干方面。它弥补了教师口头表达、文字板书等方面的不
9、足,融知识性、趣味性、实用性和直观性为一体,将抽象的事物形象化,将未见过的事物直观化,将平面图的内容立体化,将死板的图形动感化,从而渲染课堂气氛,使课堂教学富有生机和活力。教师在教学时要将体态语言恰当、灵活运用,构成精妙入微的教态艺术,达到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。运用丰富的面部表情,感染学生。著名作家罗曼罗兰说:“面部表情是多少世纪培养成功的语言,是比嘴里讲的复杂千百倍的语言。”,美国一位心理学家通过做实验,得出了一个公式:信息效果=7%的文字+38%的音调+55%的面部表情 心神合一 情绪饱满 心到神到,情绪饱满,精神振奋,气势雄厚,态度端庄且和蔼,感情充沛又热忱。脸部表情 和蔼亲切“出门
10、观天色,进门看脸色。”端庄中见微笑,严肃中有柔和,切忌板起面孔、拉长脸 运眼传神 富于变化,眼睛可以表达无声的语言,眼神里有丰富的词汇,往往比有声语言更具有感染力。眼睛在教学中的神奇功能表现在:它是沟通师生心灵的窗户,是课堂上建立和维持师生关系的纽带,是课堂管理的重要手段,是课堂教学反馈调节的主要工具。眼神在教学中可以用来表扬、赞同、默许,也可以用来批评、限制、否定,还可以用来启迪、提示。教师的一个笑脸,能对紧张的气氛进行缓解,能使学生轻松自如,信心十足。,教师的一个赞许的眼神,能让思维活跃的学生课上积极回答,积极踊跃地表现自己的创造力;一个期待鼓励的眼神,可以使那些成绩一般、胆小的同学得到自
11、信,变得轻松、大胆,并积极地回答老师的问题。教师一个责备的表情,可以使那些听课不认真、注意力不集中、上课交头接耳的学生发现老师正注视自己,马上把精力集中到课堂上来。手势在体态语中是动作变化最快、最多、最大的,而且具有很丰富的表达力。,(3)教师语言的连续性,教师的语言贯穿课堂始终。教师语言的连续性体现知识的连续性。有的教师在上课时不注重语言的整理,课上只是东一句西一句,学生听不明白。课前必须备好课,组织好自己的语言,把所传授的知识用具有连续性的语言传授给学生,让学生对所学的知识有一个整体的认识。,(4)教师语言的整体性,一堂课就是一个整体,这个整体是由一个一个环节组成的,教师的语言就是这每一个
12、环节的连接点。教师在备课时应该把所要传授的知识设计成一篇文章,设计好它的开头,发展和结尾。这样,一节课就有了它的整体性,也会传授给学生一个整体的知识,不会让学生有一种听不懂的感觉。教师要注重设计好每一节课发展中的高潮,即知识的重点和难点,让它在高潮中出现,这样学生会牢牢的记住它,并把它很好的消化和理解。,(5)教师语言的整合性,教师是文化的传承者,教师必须注意自己的语言,在工作和生活中给学生一个表帅。苏霍姆林斯基认为,教师的语言“在很大程度上决定着学生在课堂上的脑力劳动的效率”,教师“高度的语言修养是合理利用教学时间的重要条件”,教师的语言是“一种什么也代替不了的影响学生心灵的工具”。孩子们爱
13、你那崇高豁达的品格,爱你那妙趣横生的课堂,如同爱你那精彩绝伦的语言!,(6)合理使用普通话,英语课堂不排斥汉语英语课堂不能汉语化必要时用汉语,发挥汉语优势,3.初中英语课堂环境 English Classroom,英国心理学家托尼布赞说:“婴儿出世那一刻,就真的已经是才华横溢了。仅仅两年时间,他就学会了语言,比任何一位语言学博士都要好,并且到了3岁或4岁,他在语言方面就是一位能手了。”英语语言环境是英语学习成败的关键因素,而课堂学习又是我国英语学习的主要方式,所以必须使用合适的方法优化课堂语言环境。,语言环境分为自然语言环境和课堂语言环境。自然语言环境是一种无人教授的自然或接近自然的语言环境。
14、课堂语言环境主要是在课堂教学方式下的语言环境。英语学习主要是以课堂为基础,在课堂上进行的。因而,英语课堂中语言环境的优劣直接决定着英语教学效果的好坏。,4.创建良好的英语学习环境,1)增加可理解的语言输入根据外语习得理论,可理解的语言输入是导致语言习得的关键,“可理解的语言输入”,在于学生所接收到的语言输入有多少被理解了、接受了。为了使学生获得较多的可理解性输入,教师在课堂上应尽量用英语授课,采用适合于学生英语水平的语言来讲授、解释和组织课堂活动。,语言习得依赖于大量的可理解性输入,而大量的可理解性语言输入的获得需要学习者直接参与交际,使接触到的语言材料变成可理解的。理想的外语课堂教学应该向学
15、生提供一个外语学习环境,使学生获得更多的直接使用外语的场所和机会,让学生置身于使用外语的环境之中,进行有意义的交际,并能激励学生参与到解决问题和完成任务的交际活动中,近年来提倡的任务型教学就为学生提供了很多这样的机会。,2)创造相对真实的交际机会,任务型教学以任务为核心来组织课堂教学活动,通过完成任务来驱动学习者对语言知识的学习,同时带动学习者认知、情感等多方面能力共同发展。课堂教学一般采取五个步骤,即呈现任务、准备任务、执行任务、任务后总结和语言聚焦。任务的呈现贯穿于整个课堂教学过程。任务准备包括语言知识的准备、任务内容相关知识的准备和教师在任务实施方面的安排。执行任务的过程中强调语言的意义
16、,教师不能干涉学生对于语言意义的注重。任务后的总结主要是让学生展示任务结果,对任务执行的结果进行检查、评估。语言聚焦阶段则从注重语言意义转移到语言形式上。,3)采用任务型的课堂教学模式,4)改变师生角色的定位,教师的作用是在课堂教学中创造一种有利于学习者外语习得的条件,使学生通过互动与交际,运用语言并最终掌握语言。在课堂上,要使学生成为学习的主体,教师要改变全知全能的语言权威的形象,在课堂上扮演多重角色,成为学生学习的导师、助手和交际的一方。,二、课堂英语的应用,英语语言表达艺术 有声语言:英语口语 无声语言:身态语、板书课堂英语的分类,小组活动:讨论以下问题,学生喜欢的英语如何表现?课堂英语
17、有那些方面?怎样提高自己的课堂英语表现力?,1.英语语言表达艺术,英语语音语调正确英语课堂语言与英美人现在说话一致表达清楚、简单易懂声音洪亮,有磁性声音高低、大小、强弱随情景变化语言表达得体,体现民主、平等合理使用身态语规范英文板书,2.课堂英语的分类,上课(Beginning a class)问候(Greeting)考勤(Checking attendance)宣布(Announcing)提起注意(Directing attention)课堂活动(Classroom activities)请求(Requesting)鼓励(Encouraging)指令(Issuing a command)禁止
18、和警告(Prohibition and warning)评价(Evaluating)布置作业(Setting homework)下课(Dismissing the class)其他,上课(Beginning a class),(1)Lets start now Lets begin our classlesson(2)Stand up,please(3)Sit down,Pease,问候(Greeting),(4)Hello,boys and girlschildren(5)Good morning,classeveryoneeverybodychildrenboys and girls(6)
19、Good afternoon,classeveryoneeverybodychildrenboys and girls(7)How are you today?,考勤(Checking attendance),(8)Whos on duty today?Whos helping this morningtoday?(9)Is everyoneeverybody herepresent?()10)Is anyone away?Is anybody away?(11)Is anyone absent?Is anybody absent?(12)Whos absent?Whos away?(13)W
20、here is heshe?(14)Try to be on timeDont be late next time(15)Go back to your seat,please(16)What day is it today?(17)Whats the date today?(18)Whats the weather like today?(19)Whats it like outside?,宣布(Announcing),(20)Lets start workingLets beginstart a new lessonLets beginstart our lesson(21)First,l
21、ets reviewdo some review(22)What did we learn In the last lesson?(23)Who can tellremember what we did in the last lesson yesterday?(24)Now were going to do something newdifferentNow lets learn something new(25)We have some new wordssentences,提起注意(Directing attention),(26)Ready?Are you ready?(27)Did
22、you get there?Do you understand?(28)Is that clear?(29)Any question?(30)Do you know what to do?(31)Be quiet,pleaseQuiet,please(32)Listen,please(33)Listen carefully,please,(34)Listen to the tape recorderthe recording(35)Look carefully,please(36)Look over here(37)Watch carefully(38)Are your watching?(3
23、9)Please look at the black-boardpicturemap(40)Pay attention to your spellingpronunciation,课堂活动(Classroom activities),(41)Start!Start now(42)Everybody togetherAll together(43)Practise in a groupPractise in groupsIn groups,please(44)Get into groups of threefour(45)Every body find a partnerfriend(46)In
24、 pairs,please(47)One at a timeLets do it one by one(48)Now you,pleaseYour turn(Students name)(49)Next,pleaseNow you do the same,please(50)Lets actLets act outdo the dialogue,(51)Who wants to be A?(52)Practise the dialogue,please(53)Now Tom will be A,and the other half will be B(54)Please take(play)t
25、he part of(55)Whose turn is It?(56)Its your turn.(57)Wait your turn,please(58)Stand inlineLine up(59)One by oneOne at a time,please(60)In twosIn pairs(61)Dont speak out(62)Turn around,请求(Requesting),(63)Could you please try it again?(64)Could you please try the next one?(65)Will you please help me?,
26、鼓励(Encouraging),(66)Can you try?(67)Try,please(68)Try your bestDo your best(69)Think it over and try again(70)Dont be afraidshy,指令(Issuing a command),(71)SayRead after me,please(72)Follow me,please(73)Do what do(74)Repeat,pleaseRepeat after me(75)Once more,pleaseOne more time,please(76)Come here,ple
27、ase(77)Please come to the frontCome up and write on the blackboardchalkboard(78)Come and write It on the blackboard(79)Please go back to your seat,(80)In English,please(81)Put your hand up,pleaseRaise your hand,please(82)Put your hands down,pleaseHands down,please(83)Say itWrite it in ChineseEnglish
28、(84)Please take out your books(85)Please open your books at page Find page Turn to Page(86)Please answer the questionquestionsPlease answer my question(s)(87)Please read this letterwordsentence out loudPlease readout this letterwordsentence.,(88)Please stop nowStop now,pleaseStop here,please.(89)Cle
29、an up your deskthe classroom,please(90)Its clean-up timeTidy up your deskthe classroom(91)Put your things awayClean off your deskPick up the scraps.(92)Clean the blackboard(93)Plug in the tape-recorder,please(94)Put the tape-recorder away.,(95)Put the tap,in its boxcassette(96)Listen and repeat(97)L
30、ook and listen(98)Repeat after me(99)Follow the words(100)FastQuickly!Be quick,please(101)Hurry!Hurry up,please(102)Slow down,please(103)Slowly(104)Bring me some chalk,please,禁止和警告(Prohibition and warning),(105)Stop talkingStop talking now,please(106)Dont talkEverybody quiet,please(107)Dont be silly
31、(108)Settle down,评价,(109)Good,thank you(110)GoodVery goodGood jobGood workGood example(111)A good answerNice work(112)ExcellentGreat!Well doneVery goodI like the way you do.,(113)Thats Interesting!(114)Dont worry about it No problem(115)OK!Thats OK(116)I dont think so(117)Thats not quite right,any o
32、ther answers?Thats almost right(118)Not quite,can anyone help himher?try it again(119)A good try,布置作业(Setting homework),(120)For todays homework(121)Practise after classPractise at home(122)Say it out loud,before you write it down(123)CopyPrintWrite each word twice(124)Remember(Memorize)these wordss
33、entences(125)Learn these wordsthese sentencesthis text by heart(126)Do your homeworkDo the next lessonDo the new work,下课(Dismissing the class),(127)Hand in your workbooks,please(128)Time is up(129)The bell is ringing(130)Theres the bell(131)There goes the bell(132)Lets stop here(133)Thats all for to
34、day(134)Class is over(135)Good byeByeSee you next time,其他,136.给词标重音。Mark the word stress.137.仿照例句做下列各题。Do the following after model.138.把下列句子变成复数形式。Put the following into plural form.139.用过去进行时完成句子。Complete the sentences with the past continuous tense.140.根据短文编写对话。Make a dialogue according to the pa
35、ssage.141.用自己的话缩写短文。Shorten the text in your own words.,142.看图,用所给的词写一个200字以内的故事。Look at the pictures and the words given,write a story no more than 200 words.143.完成对话。Complete the dialogue.144.写出下列词的复数形式。Give the plural forms of the words.145.下面自己读课文,有问题可以问。Now read the text yourselves.If you have
36、any questions,you can ask me.146.你们最好默读课文。Youd better read(the text)silently.147.默读有利于更好地理解。Reading silently can help you understand better.,148.我们进行测试。Lets have a test.149.帮我发卷。Help me hand out the paper.150.把卷子往下传。Hand on the paper.151.十分钟答完。You must finish it in ten minutes.152.好了,时间到了,请交卷。OK/Wel
37、l,time is up.Hand in your papers,please.153.布置家庭作业。Now homework.154.完成练习册上的练习。Finish off the workbook exercises.155.完成课堂上未做的题。Finish the exercise undone in class.156.复习要点八。Revise Checkpoint 8.,157.写第九课生词与短语。Write out the words and phrases in Lesson 9.158.读第二部分对话,编一段相似的对话。Read the dialogue in Part 2
38、and make a similar one.159.给朋友写封短信。Write a short letter to your friend.160.复习这单元的词汇和语言结构,灵活运用。Revise the new vocabulary and structures in this unit,then make good full use of them.161.记住103页总结的内容。Learn the contents of the summary on Page 103.162.把答案写在一张纸上。Write down the answers to the questions on a
39、 piece of paper.,163.练习when和if引导的从句。Practise“when”and“if”clauses.164.用下列句型造句。Make sentences with the following sentence patterns.165.默写生词。Write the new words from memory.166.抄写课文最后一部分。Copy the last part of the text.167.背诵课文第一自然段。Recite the first paragraph of the text.168.预习形容词,副词的比较级和最高级。Prepare the
40、 comparative and superlative degree of adj.and adv.169.读80页上的短文,在词典中查找生词,并简要复述这个故事。Read the short passage on Page 80 and look up the new words in yourdictionaries.Retell the story briefly.,170.你不应该那样做。You shouldnt have done that.171.做事要三思而后行。Think it over before you act.172.回头/一会见。See you(soon/later
41、)173.暑假到了。The summer holiday/vacation comes.174.祝你们假期愉快!Wish you a good holiday!Have a good/nice/wonderful time in/during the holiday!175.祝你们好运!Wish you good luck!Good luck to you!176.祝你们旅途愉快!Good trip to you!Have a good trip!177.别忘了完成假期作业。Remember to finish your vacation work.,178.你必须写日记,早晨大声朗读。You
42、 must keep a diary and read aloud in the morning.179.记住,安全第一。Remember safety first.180.咱们常联系。Keep in touch with me.181.如果你们遇到不理解的题,可以写信问。If you come across puzzling questions,you can write them in your letters.182.欢迎假期到我家来玩。Welcome you to my home during the holiday.183.好,下学期见。OK.See you next term.18
43、4.欢迎你们返校。Welcome you back to school.185.很高兴又见到你们。Glad/Nice to meet you again.,186.时间过得真快呀!How time flies!/How fast time goes by!187.一个月很快过去了。A month passed quickly.188.你们假期进得好吗?Did you have a good time in the holiday?189.假期你们都到哪去了?Where have you been?Where did you go for the holiday?190.都看到什么了?What
44、have you seen there?191.你的暑假是怎样度过的?How did you spend your holiday?192.讲一讲你的假期生活好吗?Will/Would you say something about your holiday?,193.给我们讲一讲你遇见的最有趣的事。Tell us the most interesting things you have seen/met.194.你参加了哪些有益/意义的活动?What rewarding/instructive activities did you attend/take part in?195.假期有哪些收
45、获?What have you learnt in the holiday?What reward have you gained/got in the vacation?196.新学期开始了,你们应该有一个新起色。New term begins,you should have a new start.197.你们应该收回心来学习。You should get your minds back to study.198.一寸光阴一寸金。Time is money.,199.你们一定要好好学习,天天向上。You must study hard and make progress every day
46、.200.你们应该互相学习,互相帮助。You should learn from each other and help each other201.再细读一遍课文,然后回答练习册24页上的问题。Read it in detail/more carefully for the second time,then answer the answer questions on Page 24 of your workbooks.202.找出疑难点。Find out the difficulties and what you dont understand.203.谁能帮他解答这个问题?Who can
47、 help him with the question?Who can help him out?204.你最好用英语说。Youd better say it in English.,205.如果你用英语说有困难,可以用汉语。You may say it in Chinese if you have difficulty in speaking English/cant speak it in English.206.好,我告诉你们这两个句子的区别。OK.I tell you the differences between the two sentences.207.这两个词有什么不同?Wha
48、ts the difference between the two words?208.请举例说明。(Give us)An example,please.209.这个词可以这样用。We can use it(in)this way/like this.210.例如,For example/instance.,211.现在你能区分A和B吗?Can you tell A from B now?212.分组讨论。OK.Now lets discuss the groups.213.我提一个问题供大家讨论I give you a question for discussion.214.你认为这篇文章怎
49、么样?What do you think of the article?How do you like the article?How do you find the article?215.你从课文中学到了什么?What have you learned from the text?216.别着急,慢慢来。Dont worry.Take it easy!217.别紧张,慢点说。Dont be nervous.No hurry/take your time.218.看图复述课文。Look at the pictures and retell the text.,219.看黑板上的关键词,复述课
50、文。Look at the key words on the blackboard and retell the text.220.谁愿试一试?Who wants a try/go?Who want to try/have a go?Who would like to have a try?Volunteer,any volunteers?221.还能说吗?/还有吗?Any more(about it)?222.谁能补充?Who can say more about it?Who has anything to add?223.我们来唱首歌,轻松一下。Lets sing a song to r