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1、长句的翻译,一般认为，在一个英语句子中，单词数量在20个以上者，可以视为英语长句或者较长难句。所谓的长难句，往往是句型结构错综复杂，词语组合枝杈繁多，修饰限定返转轮回，层层相关，环环紧扣，也就是说，除了句子的主干部分外，它还包含有各种修饰成分，而这些修饰成分有的本身就是一种难以掌握难以理解的语言现象。另外，加之时态，语态，语气等的综合应用，原作者的意图，论点及它们之间的逻辑关系，句子与句子之间的语法关系，各片语之间的修饰关系等，更使得这类句子难以理解，难以表达。所以英语长句是一种复杂语言现象的综合。例如：,The fierce struggle between aspiration to be
2、 an astronomer and aspiration to be a novelist constantly put him into annoyance of which he has got rid by bringing the mental conflict into unity that he may serve as a scientist by profession and an amateur in literature as did Nobel,a noted chemist and simultaneously a poet.他一面想当天文学家，一面又想当小说家，这种
3、矛盾曾经在他心中斗争很激烈，经常使他感到烦恼不安。但他现在却已摆脱了这种苦恼，思想上的矛盾达到了统一，即在当职业科学家的同时，还可以当业余的文学爱好者，像诺贝尔那样，既是化学家，又是诗人。,因此，英译汉长句翻译的关键在于两点：一是对原文的准确理解，二是恰如其分地表达。理解阶段可分为四个步骤：1.扼要拟出全句的轮廓；2.根据上下文和全句内容领会其要旨；3.辨清该长句的主从结构；4.找出各句之间的从属关系。表达阶段可分为三个步骤：1.试将每个划开的单句逐一翻译；2.将译出的句子进行调整、组合；3.对译文进行加工润色。英语长句的处理手段大同小异，但具体的翻译应视情况的不同而各有所别，因此上述翻译步骤
4、仅供一般参考。译文成功与否很大程度上还要取决于译者的母语的驾驭能力以及对翻译技巧的灵活运用。,英语长句的翻译方法,（1）分割法（切分法）所谓分割，就是将较长的英语原句在适当的地方分割切断，提取出来，单译成句。这种分割提取，可以是单词，可以是短语，也可以是句子。如：,1)Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere,coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at
5、less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.,塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。,2)Many man-made substance are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural products can
6、not meet our ever-increasing requirement,or more often,because the physical property of the synthetic substance,which is the common name for man-made materials,have been chosen,and even emphasized,so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.,人造材料通常称为合成材料。许多人造材料
7、正逐步取代某些天然材料，这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求，但更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理性能，并充分发挥这些性能，以便使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地发挥作用。,（2）顺序翻译法当英语长句的结构形式、时间顺序和逻辑关系与汉语大致相同或者基本一致时，可按自然顺序进行翻译。这样既能保存原作语序，又符合汉语表达习惯及句型结构。这种翻译方法可称为顺序翻译法。如：,1)If you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off th
8、e Lake Michigan,which gives it the name Windy City.,如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使在那里仅仅逗留一两个小时，你也会感觉到从密歇根湖那边吹拂过来的阵阵清风。这就是芝加哥得名“风城”的原因。,2)This simple fact shows that the more the force of friction is got rid of,the further the ball will travel,and we are led to infer that,if all the impeding forces of gravitation a
9、nd resistance could be removed,there is no reason why the ball,once in motion,should ever stop.,这一简单事实表明，摩擦力减少得越多，球会滚得越远。由此可以推论，如果能排除一切起阻碍作用的引力和阻力，就没有理由认为，球一旦处于运动之中会再停下来。,（3）倒置法倒置法又叫逆序法，是指颠倒英语长句的语序，将句子成分的前部分放到译文的后部，或将后面部分放到译文前面，采用这种方法主要是让译文符合汉语的习惯表达法。,1)Such is human nature in the West that a great
10、many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.,许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。,2)And I take heart from the fact that the enemy,which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours,has not yet been able to take eve
11、n the outlying regions,because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.,由于一路受到顽强抵抗，吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人，甚至还没能占领外围地带。这一事实使我增强了信心。,（4）插入法 这种方法是指插入原文中没有的标点符号，如破折号，括号，冒号等，用这种方法可保持原文的连贯性。,1)When I went to Yenan in summer of 1946,the AntiJapanese War,and the Second World War of which it was a part,had
12、been over for just a year.,我在1946年夏天去延安的时候，抗日战争和第二次世界大战（抗日战争是第二次世界大战的组成部分）结束刚刚一年。,2)The second aspect is the application by all members of society,from the government official to the ordinary citizen,of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.,第二方面是全体社会所有成员（从政府官员到
13、普通百姓）都使用科学家们在工作中所采用的那种特殊的思想方法和行为方法。,（5）重组法 重组法也叫综合法，是指译者在准确地领会，把握了原文的基础上，打破了原文的结构，用自己的话恰如其分地表达出原文的信息，含义和精神风貌。,1)Dr.Smith resumed the activities of anticancer experiment begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures,wh
14、ich had resulted in its forced suspension.,史密斯医生于1945年开始由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧，被迫终止了实验工作。现在他又重新振作起来，恢复了抗癌实验活动。,2)The poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old musclepower jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.,对于以往的几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。,
