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1、英语词汇学Chapter 4 Word Formation 构 词,Word-formation:affixation(30%-40%),词缀法compounding(28%-30%),复合法conversion(26%),转类法Shortening(clipping,acronymy)(8%-10%),缩略法(截短法，首字母缩略法)blending and other means(1%-5%)拼缀法和其他方法 Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable.,4.1 Affixation 词缀法,
2、Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.This process is also known as derivation,for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.The words formed in this way are called derivatives.词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词
3、方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。,4.1.1 Prefixation前缀法,Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法。Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。,Accordingly,we shall classify prefixes on a semantic bas
4、is into nine groups:Negative prefixes,Reversative prefixes,Pejorative prefixes,Prefixes of degree or size,Prefixes of orientation and attitude,Locative prefixes,Prefixes of time and order,Number prefixes,Miscellaneous prefixes.-因此我们可以从语义的角度把前缀分为 9 类：表示否定意义的前缀，表示逆向意义的前缀，表示贬义的前缀，表示程度、大小等意义的前缀，表示倾向和态度等
5、意 义的前缀，表示方位意义的前缀，表示时间和顺序等意义的前缀，表示数字的前缀，其他种类意义的前缀。,4.1.2 Suffixation后缀法,Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。Suffixes have only a small semantic role,their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.In other words,they mainly c
6、hange the word class.后缀的只有很小语义作用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们主要是改变词性。,1.Noun suffixes 名词后缀,1)Denominal nouns:由名词转化来的名词 a.Concrete,具体名词 b.Abstract.抽象名词 2)Deverbal nouns:由动词转化来的名词 a.The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create largely nouns denoting people,-ant，-ee，-ent，-er（-or）下面这组后缀加在动词词干上构成新
7、词，主要表示人.,b.Suffixes of this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns,denoting action,result,process,state,etc：-al，-age，-ance，-ation，-ence，-ing，-ment。下面这组后缀加在动词词干上，主要构成抽象名词，表示动作、结果、过程、状态等,3)De-adjective nouns 由形容词转化为名词.-ity,-ness,4)Noun and adjective suffixes 名词和形容词后缀-ese,-an,-ist
8、有一小部分后缀加在表示人或者国家名的词干上，既构成名词又构成形容词：,2.Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀,1)Denominal suffixes：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y 加在名词后的形容词后缀 2)Deverbal suffixes:-able（-ible），-ive（-ative，-sive）加在动词后的形容词后缀,3.Adverb suffixes:副词后缀-ly,-ward(s),-wise,4.Verb suffixes：动词后缀-ate,-en,-(i)fy,-ize(ise),4.2 Compounding复合法,Com
9、pounding,also called composition,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words formed in this way are called compounds.复合法，也称作 composition,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词 被称为复合词。So a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and
10、semantically as a single word.所以，复合词是“由多于一个以上的词干组成的，而且语法和语义功能为单个词的词汇单位”,Compounds are written in various ways:solid,hyphenated or open.Sometimes the same compound may appear in three different forms.As open compounds are the same in form as free phrases,what is the dividing line between them?,4.2.1c
11、haracteristicsof Compound复合词的特点,Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:不同于自由词组，复合词有以下三个方面的特点：1).Phonetic features In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.I
12、n cases of two stresses,the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress,if any,on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases.1）语音特点。复合词中的重音通常在第一个构词成分上，而在名词词组中重音一般在第二个词上（如果 该词只有一个重音），如果有两个重音，复合词的主要重音在第一个构词成分上，次重音在第二个重音，而 在自由词组中重音读法则相反,hot house nouna hea
13、ted building,typically largely of glass,for rearing plants out of season or in a climate colder than is natural for them温室(figurative)an environment that encourages the rapid growth or development of someone or something,especially in a stifling or intense way(喻)温室（鼓励人或物快速生长或发展的环境，尤指沉闷地或强烈地）as modif
14、ierthe hothouse atmosphere of the college大学的温室气氛。,fathead noun(informal)a stupid person(非正式)蠢人，傻瓜,green roomNoun backstage room in a theater where performers rest or have visitors演员休息室,However,sometimes two compounds have similar construction,but one may have a compound accent,and the other may have
15、 a phrase accent.Besides,it is also common for both components of a compound to have level stress.,ash blonde(亦作 ash blond)Adjective(of a person or their hair)very pale blonde(人，头发）淡金色的nounmass nouna very pale blonde colour淡金色count nouna person with hair of such a colour头发淡金色的人,bottle green nounmass
16、 noundark green深绿色,2).Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.语义特点。复合词在语义统一性上与自由词组存在差异。每个复合词应表达一个单一的观念，就如同 一个单词一样。a green hand red meat hot dog,The lexical meaning of the components of a compound can b
17、e closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning which one can easily recognize,e.g.backdoor(a door at the back of a house or other building;workday is a day for work.,The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.e.g.dog days means“the hottest days of the
18、year-in July and August”；flatfoot refers to a policeman;blue blood means“aristocratic descent or birth”(贵族出身；贵族身份）,blue revolution Blue-(informal)(of a film,joke,or story)with sexual or pornographic contentblue film blue stocking-talented woman,Semantically,compounds can be said to have a meaning wh
19、ich may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.,Mr.Smith doesnt want to make his son an ambulance chaser(专门靠怂恿交通事故受伤者打官司来拉生意赚钱的律师).He likes American Beauty(月月红).These youths are full of animal spirits(活力).She is an apple polisher(马屁精).Mr.Potter was a baby
20、-kisser(到处拉票者)when he ran for the presidency.I detest his grandmother because she is a backseat driver(多管闲事).Is there bad blood(仇恨)between the two villages?,The girl who is wearing a ball-dress is Mr.Whites daughter.I wont be deceived by her banana oil.That sick person has got a Bath chair.He is a b
21、enchman.Jerry became a bench warmer last winter.Robert was the best man at the wedding.He coined money with many best-sellers.Pearl is Lukes better half.Justin is a big gun.,The girl who is wearing a ball-dress(舞会服装)is Mr.Whites daughter.I wont be deceived by her banana oil(花言巧语).That sick person ha
22、s got a Bath chair(巴斯轮椅).He is a benchman(收音机和电视机的修理工).Jerry became a bench warmer(候补球员)last winter.Robert was the best man(伴郎)at the wedding.He coined money with many best-sellers(畅销书).Pearl is Lukes better half(妻子).Justin is a big gun(有影响的人物).,Mr.Murrel has got a big head.Do you know Miss potter h
23、as got a big mouth?Mr Hyde will become a big wheel in the automobile company.Gordon is a swimming big-timer.I never expect shes a birdbrain.The child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard.,Mr.Murrel has got a big head(自高自大).Do you know Miss potter has got a big mouth(很多嘴)?Mr Hyde will beco
24、me a big wheel(红人)in the automobile company.Gordon is a swimming big-timer(明星).I never expect shes a birdbrain(笨蛋).The child was in his birthday suit(一丝不挂)and ran about the yard.,She likes black coffee.They said the black dog was over David.How many head of black game did you shoot?Benson is the bla
25、ck sheep of the company.The black widow is very poisonous.The blue baby nestled in Annies arms.Mr.Wu has blue blood in his veins.Dont see blue films.Alice is a blue stocking.,She likes black coffee(不加牛奶或奶油的咖啡).They said the black dog(沮丧)was over David.How many head of black game(黑琴鸡)did you shoot?Be
26、nson is the black sheep(害群之马)of the company.The black widow(黑寡妇蜘蛛)is very poisonous.The blue baby(患先天性心脏病的婴儿)nestled in Annies arms.Mr.Wu has blue blood(贵族血统)in his veins.Dont see blue films(黄色电影).Alice is a blue stocking(才女).,4.4.2 Formation of Compounds,Compounding can take place within any of the
27、 word classes.Most compounds consist of only two stems but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationships wjtrhin the words are considerably complex.,There are many compounds which contain more than two stems.In fact,these are free phrases or idioms but are joine
28、d together by hyphens to form a single unit,for example,stay-at-home,forget-me-not(a low-growing plant of the borage family,which typically has blue flowers and is a popular ornamental勿忘（我）草),dog-in-the-manger(inclined to prevent others from having or using things that one does not need oneself占马槽的狗
29、；占着茅坑不拉屎.)Compounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness.,3)Grammatical features A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence,for example,a verb,a noun,or an adjective.In adjective-noun compounds,the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.语法特点。复
30、合词在语法上独立作成分，例如，动词，名词或形容词。但在在形容词-名词类复合词中，其形容词部分不能有词尾变化。如复合词：fine art（精细工艺），自由词组 finer art（更精细的艺术）,4.3 Conversion 转类法,Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.转类法是将一种词类转化为另一种词类构成新词的方法。Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in func
31、tion,this process is also known as functional shift.既然这些词在形态结构上不变，只在功能上有变化，这一转类过程也叫做功能转换。Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class,without the addition of an affix.Hence the name zero-derivation.一般认为，转类法是单词不添加词缀而直接转化为一
32、个新词的派生构词的过程。这一过程由于不加词缀，所以又称零派生。,1.Conversion to noun2.Conversion to verbs,Animal Names Turned into Verbs,What do the following verbs mean?1.to ape 2.to ass about 3.to crow over 4.to crab 5.to duck 6.to parrot 7.to peacock 8.to rat 9.to wolf 10.to monkey with 11.to dog 12.to ferret(雪貂)13.to hound 14.
33、to toady(蟾蜍),1.to mimic(盲目模仿)2.to be mischievous(淘气的，顽皮的)3.to express gleeful triumph(欢叫)4.to decry(谴责)5.to move quickly down(迅速俯下;迅速低下)6.to imitate(模仿,仿效)7.to show off(炫耀,卖弄)8.to break a promise(出卖)9.to eat quickly and greedily(狼吞虎咽)10.to play with(瞎胡闹)11.to keep close behind(跟踪,尾随)12.to discover b
34、y searching(搜出，发现)13.to chase(追逐)14.to flatter(拍马屁),4.4 Blending 拼缀法,Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words.拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的一部分相加起来构成新词。以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼级词
35、。The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.绝大多数拼缀词是名词;很少为动词，是形容词的则更是少之又少。Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology,and to newspapers and magazines.拼缀词主要用于科技文章、报纸杂志文章的写作。,Structurally divided into four types Blends are mos
36、tly used in writjng related to science and technology,and to newspapers and magazines.Though many of them have already achieved currency in English,they are still considered by seriousminded people to be slang and informal.Therefore,it is advisable not to use such words too often,particularly in for
37、mal writing.,4.5 clipping截短法,Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.This is called clipping.-另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。Four main types:1)back clipping;2)front clippings;3)front and back clippi
38、ngs;4)phrase clippings.Clipping often alters spelling and pronunciation.,4.6 Acronymy首字母缩略法,Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.首字母拼音法是将社会组织、特殊的名词词组或技术术语的首字母连起来构成新词的方法。W
39、ords formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms,depending on the pronunciation of the words.以这种方法构成的词根根据其读音不同又分别叫做首字母缩略词和首字母拼音词。,Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.首字母缩略词的读音是一个字母一个字母地念，互不拼读。1.Letters represent full words:字母代表整个单词 VOA-Voice of America。2.Letters represent con
40、stituents in a compound or just parts of a word:。字母代表复合词的组成部分或一个单词的组成部分 TV television,Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.首字母拼音词是由字母组合在一起作为一个标准单词拼音的词。Some acronyms are formed with the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second,N-bomb nucl
41、ear bomb。有些首字母拼音词是取第一个词的首字母在加第二个词的整个词构成的，如：N-bomb nuclear bomb(原子弹),4.7 Back-formation 逆生法,Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.逆生法被认为是后缀法的相反过程。Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.由逆生法生成的词多半是动词。,4.8 Words from Proper Names专有名词普通化 Modern English has a large number of words which come from proper nouns.They include names of people,names of places,names of books and trade names.现代英语中有大量由专有名词转化而来的普通名词。包括人名，地名，书名和商标名。,
