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1、大学英语写作教案,一 造句（P-2）,二 写作中经常用到的并列连词和连接副词(P3-4),第二章 段落的构成(5),一 段落和提纲(5-7),二 段落主题句(7-10),三 段落的统一性(10-13),四 段落的连贯性(14-19),五 过渡语(20-30),第一章,一，造句,1，熟悉五种基本句型1）主语+谓语（不及物动词）,The earth trembled.,2)主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语,The earthquake destroyed the city.,3）主语+谓语（联系动词）+主语补足语,The trees are oaks.,4)主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语,
2、Business gave the museum money.,5)主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语,The results proved Jane wrong.,二 写作中经常用到的并列连词,用并列连词连接单词、词组或分句，可以增加句子的内容，加强句子的表达力。,并列连词,And but For no Both.andNot onlybut alsoNotbutEitheror,Or yet SoNeithernorWhetherorAsas,二 写作中经常用到的连接副词,连接副词连接分句，以说明分句之间的关系。,连接副词,AccordinglyAlso AnywayBesidesC
3、ertainlyConsequentlyFinallyFurther,FurthermoreHenceHoweverIncidentallyIndeedInsteadLikewisemeanwhile,MoreoverNamelyNeverthelessNextNonethelessNowOtherwisesimilarly,Still SubsequentlyThenThereafterThereforeThusundoubtedly,第二章 段落的构成,我们在写文章之前应该拟出一个提纲，而提纲的每一个要点都能发展成一个段落。,段落是指一组相互关联，用来阐述某一中心思想的句子群。,例如：要写
4、一段中心思想是“I prefer to live in the city”的段落请拟一个提纲：,1）Transportation and communication is more convenient than in the country.,2)Cultural life is richer.,3)Material life is better.,一 段落和提纲,我们修改一下提纲：,1）Culture life is richer.,2)Material life is better.,3)Transportation and communication is more convenien
5、t.,请写出下面短文的提纲,Growing cities use more land.Over the years,Los Angeles has been spreading out.The city has also been using land in new ways.Much of the land is used for large roads called freeways.The freeways connect the many communities that are part of Los Angeles.The city has grown higher.Office
6、buildings,hotels and stores are now taller.Public places,such as sports stadiums,have grown bigger.They must fit the growing number of people that Now live in the city.Today more than7 million people live in LosAngeles.Growing city means more people,too.,提纲可以写成：,1）More land,2)Buildings Higher and Bi
7、gger,3)More People,二 段落主题句（topic sentence),主题句：每一段落只能包含一个中心思想，表达这一中心思想 的句子就是主题句。,请找出下面段落的主题句。,There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably,some being more capable than others.But no matter how good a
8、 brain he has to begin with,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what happens to the individual-,the sort of environment in which he is brought up.If an individual is in poor environment,it is likely that his brain will fail
9、 to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.,主题句位于句首，后面的辅助句发展主题句的中心意念。,请找出下面段落的主题句。,In the small French town,the town clerk spends two hours or so talking in the cafe every day.The village doctor often drops in for an aperitif when he is between calls.People
10、 from outlying sections of the valley who come to the village only on official business at the town hall drop into the cafe and leave news of Their neighborhood.Through the cafe owner the postman relays Messages that he has been given on his route.With these and many other sources of information at
11、his disposal,the cafe owner usually knows better than anyone else in the village the news of the community.,本段落主题句位于段末。前面的辅助句首先充分发挥某一中心意念，然后逐渐收拢，最后以主题句点睛。,请找出下面段落的主题句。,In the past it was possible to know in advance what occupations would exist when a boy become a man.Today the Life span of occupatio
12、ns has also been compressed.The computerProgrammer,who was first heard of in the 1950s,will be as extinct as the blacksmith within a number of years.Individuals Now train for a profession and look forward to remaining in that profession for the entire period of their working life.Yet within a Genera
13、tion the notion of serving in a single occupation for ones entire life may seem quaintly antique.Individuals may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four,or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career.The job will no longer serve as mans anchor and organizing principle
14、.,该段落主题句位于段落中间,“Individuals may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four,or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career.”,三 段落的统一性(unity),一段文章只应该集中说明一个问题或一个问题的某一方面；只能叙述一件事情或一件事情的某一阶段。句子是一组词汇在某一语法形式下的集合。段落则是一组句子在某一中心思想下的逻辑组合。中心思想通常包含在主题句中，其他的事实、例证、说理等都应围绕这一中心思想以辅助句的形式出现
15、。统一性原则是写好英语段落的极其重要的原则。,因此，我们在写作时要摈弃一切与本段的中心、主题无关的句子。,The bright children is patient.He can tolerate uncertainty and failure and will keep trying until he gets an answer.When all his experiments fail,he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer.This
16、 may annoy him,but he can wait.Very often,he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with.because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure It out for himself in the failure.This is not so for the dull child.He cant stand uncertainty or fa
17、ilure.To him,an unanswered question Is not a challenge or an opportunity,but a threat.If he cant find the answer quickly,it must be given to him,and quickly;and he must have answers for everything.,这段文字的中心思想十分明确，即论述聪明孩子和不聪明孩子在对待疑难问题时的不同态度。第一部分论述聪明孩子的态度，第二部分进行对比，却不枝不蔓。,请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子。,Books are pl
18、aced on the library shelves in numerical order.In other words,all the books on one subject are put together under the same number;for example,all books on United States history are numbered 973,and are placed together on the 973 shelf or shelves.Of course,such books are borrowed mostly by students w
19、ho learn history.,把最后一句去掉。,请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子。,Malthus calculated that two parents would have four children.The four children would marry.Each child would have four children.This would go on and on.In our country,most people Like boy babies.In this way,the population would grow very rapidly.In fact,h
20、e thought it would double every twenty-five years,if food was available.,将“In our country,most people like boy babies.”去掉。,四 段落的连贯性(coherence),段落的连贯性着眼于句与句之间的连接与组织，它包含句与句之间外部结构及过渡词(transition)的通迅自然和内部逻辑关系的清晰明确。,英语写作与汉语写作是完全不同的。不能将头脑中的汉语句子译成英语。英语民族的思维模式是线性的，因此往往先有一个主题句，然后沿着这一线索发展。这一思维模式决定了每一句子都是为了辅助说
21、明中心思想而自然流畅地承接前面的句子，就像一条流淌的意识流。,It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the Necessary information.This can generally obtained from books.It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech,and of what we call general phonetic theory.It is also possible in this wa
22、y to get a clear metal picture of the relationship between the sounds of different language,between the speech habits of the English people and of those,say,of your students.Unless the teacher has such a picture,any comments he may on his students Pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use,and les
23、s time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.,范文：,这是一段符合连贯性原则的文章。主题句首先指出教师应具有一定的语音知识。然后分两个大层次展开：1）教师的这些知识可以通过书本获得；2）否则，语音课的教学效果就可能不佳。第一个大层次又分为两个小层次，以两个例子说明可以获得书本知识的途径。整个段落层次清楚、脉络分明，再加上适当的过度词this,and,unless 等的运用，完全达到了连贯的目的。,给下列段落的句子作适当的调整，使其符合连贯性原则：,一 In an experiment,several people were put
24、 in an airtight room.Everyone felt very uncomfortable.The air soon became warm and moist.The amount of carbon dioxide increased and the amount of oxygen decreased.Then,without letting in any fresh air,and electric fan was turned on.Almost as soon as the air was set in motion,everyone became comforta
25、ble again.,In an experiment,several people were put in an airtight room.The air soon became warm and moist.The amount of carbondioxide increased and the amount of oxygen decreased.Everyone felt very uncomfortable.Then,without letting in any fresh air,and electric fan was turned on.Almost as soon as
26、the air was set in motion,everyone became comfortable again.,调整以后的句子：,给下列段落的句子作适当的调整，使其符合连贯性原则：,二 Therefore driving in streets today is not safe as used to be.In recent years,in the bigger cities in the country,there have arisen traffic problems,for cars,trucks,buses and bicycles have increased in n
27、umber,size and speed.As a result the streets are more crowded than ever before.To make matters worse the population is ever on the increase.,调整以后的句子：,In recent years,in the bigger cities in the country,there have arisen traffic problems,for cars,trucks,buses and bicycles have increased in number,siz
28、e and speed.Therefore driving in streets today is not safe as used to be.As a result the streets are more crowded than ever before.To make matters worse the population is ever on the increase.,给下列段落的句子作适当的调整，使其符合连贯性原则：,三 Observers report that a person usually gets restless before a dream.As soon as
29、the machine indicates that the dream is over,a buzzer wakens the sleeper.Once the dream has started,his body relaxes and his eyes become more active,as if the curtain had gone up on a show.He sits up,records his dream,and goes back to sleep-perhaps to dream some more.,Observers report that a person
30、usually gets restless before a dream.Once the dream has started,his body relaxes and his eyes become more active,as if the curtain had gone up on a show.As soon as the machine indicates that the dream is over,a buzzer wakens the sleeper.He sits up,records his dream and goes back to sleep-perhaps to
31、dream some more.,调整以后的句子：,五 过渡语(transition),过渡语：它可以是一个词、一个短语、一种语法手段、或者是一种表达方式，用来使句与句、段与段之间逻辑地连接起来，使他们相互之间关系明确，推动文章向前发展或使文章意义转折，使发展脉络清楚明白。代词和连词可以是过渡语；同义词的运用，重复某一词语或平行结构等，都可以是过渡语；修辞疑问句可以是过渡语，甚至某些符号如：1、2、3、a,b,c,在列举事物时，也可以作为过渡语。,许多学生对于过渡语这一术语感到陌生，但在实际写作中却常常有意无意地运用着它。,过渡语在英语写作中极为重要，可以说，无过渡语就不构成文章。,过渡语分类
32、例举：,解说性过渡语：now,thus,for,in this case;,强调性过渡语：indeed,certainly,above all,转折性过渡语：but,however,yet,unless,except for;,例举性过渡语：for example,for instance,thus;,比较性过渡语：like,similarly,likewise,in the same way;,对照性过渡语：in contrast,on the other hand,instead,unlike;,让步性过渡语：admittedly,nevertheless,of course,althou
33、gh,after all;,因果性过渡语：therefore,as a result,consequently,thus,hence,so,accordingly;,总结性过渡语：in conclusion,to sum up,all in all,finally,作为过渡语使用的代词：I,you,he,she,they,them,this,that,these,those,one,such,it.在指代前面名词的同时，它们使句子顺利地从上句过渡到下一句。,In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest work,“An AmericanDictionary o
34、f the English Language.”In preparing the manuscript,he devoted ten years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages,and seven more years to the writing itself.,该段落第二句的“he”使上一句平稳地过渡到了下句。如果不使用代词，不仅使文章显得累赘，而且破坏了其连贯性。,例如：,2）同义词、近义词 用来做过渡语。,例如：,Teacher play a very important role in t
35、he teaching-and-learning work,in which,of course,the students must cooperate with them.Without the instructors,the students might be some what like a Swimmer in the sea of knowledge,not knowing the direction to the seashore.,在这个例子中，同义词和近义词都起到了平稳过渡的作用。,3)关键词的重复，可以起到过渡语的作用。,In such a society,there was
36、 very little leisure left for hobbies.In deed the word“leisure”itself meant time that was saved,with some difficulty,in the midst of many jobs.Such leisure was used to practise the arts-to sing,paint,carve or act.Since their professional work was so largely physical it was natural for people to seek
37、 emotional and mental satisfaction through these arts in their leisure time.,此段中关键词的重复，使文章能够自然地由上一个句子过渡到下一个句子。,4）平行结构的运用常可起到过渡语的作用。,例如：,Modern society depends a great deal on mineral oil.Without it,there would be no paraffin-oil for lighting or cooking;Withoutit,there would be no motorcars,aeroplane
38、s or diesel engines for trains.,这种平行结构的运用不仅能够起到平稳过渡句子的作用，而且也强调了句子。,5）运用过渡词、并列连词、一部分副词、形容词、数词，以及一些短语都可以起过渡语的作用。,（1）表示空间关系的过渡词：above,across,from,up,under,before,below,beyond,farther,down,around,here,in the distance,nearby,near to,close to,next to,on the left,on the right,opposite,on the top of,beneath
39、,over 等。,（2）表示时序方面的过渡词：first,second(and so on),First of all,now,then,to begin with,at first,at last,finally,in the end,eventually,recently,lately,immediately,since then,soon,after a while,a moment later,afterward,before,after,today,tomorrow,yesterday 等。,（3）表示对照比较的过渡词：on the country,on the other hand
40、,despite,yet,unlike,in contrast,however,different from,in spite of,although,but,whereas,nevertheless,instead,while,still,otherwise,conversely,equally important,accordingly,like,like wise,in the same way,similarly,meanwhile,at the same time,even so等。,(4)表示因果关系的过渡词：because of,because,for,for this reas
41、on,since,as,due to,owing to,thanks to,on this account,on that account,therefore,as a result,consequently,Accordingly,so,hence,thus,in this way,otherwise等。,（5）表示让步的过渡词：even though,after all,although,clearly,it is true that,admittedly等。,（6）表示例举的过渡词：for example,for instance,for one thing,to illustrate,
42、as an illustration,a case in point,namely,that is,incidentally 等。,（7）表示强调的过渡词：naturally,obviously,clearly,of course,in fact,as a matter of fact,actually,in particular,that isto say,in this case,any way,in any case,on no account,certainly,indeed,above all,first of all,surely,no doubt 等。,（8）表示递进的过渡词：f
43、urthermore,moreover,besides,also,in addition,too,like wise,whats more,not only but also等。,练习 1：,1 在下面每组句子的第二句之前加上适当的过渡语：,1）You must do the work successfully without anyones help._you will be severely punished.,2)He is not cruel._he is very kind to everyone,especially to children.,3)There is danger e
44、verywhere in the forest._you must be particularly careful going through it.,4)He is not good at maths._he is determined to learn it well.,5)I am not able to do it._my father wont allow me to.,Otherwise,On the contrary,Therefore,But,Whats more,练习2：根据提示，对句子做适当调整，用过渡语使下列 每组句子具有连贯性。,（1）The professor is
45、very strict with his students.The professor never allows his students to be late for class.(代词）,（2）The hammer came down.The liquid splashed out.(用平行结构）,改：The professor is very strict with his students.,He never allows them to be late for class.,改:Down came the hammer;Out splashed the liquid.,（3）Its
46、easy to detect the purpose of the writer.In order to make certain that the readers know it,the writer has repeated it at the end of the book.(用同义词）,改:Its easy to detect the purpose of the writer.In order to make certain that the readers know it,the author has repeated it at the end of the book.,(4)You put the machine in position.You turn on the light.You Push the button.It begins to work.(用过渡词）,改：First you put the machine in position;then you turn on the light;finally you push the button,and it begins to work.,
