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1、Lesson 11 Highway Engineering公路工程,New words and phrases:abutting specdlative traverse benefit recreational logically gradation expressway compact accommodate frequency caliche oyster bituminous catchbasin adverse precipitationphotogrammetric outlet barrier pneunatic-tired roller 汽胎压路机public utilitie
2、s 公共设施calcium chloride 氯化钙guard rail 护栏，护轨,Words,1.abutting 毗连的，邻接的如：abutting building 毗连建筑物 abutting joint 对接,毗连接头 abutting lot 相邻地段10.accommodate 供应，提供，容纳，适应如：accommodate oneself to 使自己适应于 accommodate oneself to new conditions 适应新的情况 accommodate sb.with 向某人提供16.adverse 相反的，不利的，敌对的，逆的如：adverse alti
3、tude(跳伞)不利高度 adverse circumstances 逆境 adverse conditions 不利条件，有害状态 adverse current 逆流,Highway Engineering,Highway engineering includes highway planning,location,design,and maintenance.公路工程包括公路规划、定位、设计和维修。Before the design and construction of a new highway or highway improvement can be undertaken,the
4、re must be general planning and consideration of financing.在着手做一条新建公路或改建公路的设计和施工之前，必须做总体规划和资金考虑。As part of general planning,it is decided what the traffic needs of the area will be for a considerable period,generally 20 years,and what construction will meet those needs.作为总体规划的一部分，要决定：在相当长的时期内，通常是20年
5、，该区域的交通需要；以及哪种施工可以满足这些需要。,Highway Engineering,To assess traffic needs the highway engineer collects and analyzes information about the physical features of existing facilities,the volume,distribution,and character of present traffic,and the changes to be expected in these factors.为了确定交通需要，公路工程师收集和分析
6、关于已有设施的物理特征，当前的交通量、交通分布和交通特性，以及在这些因素上要做的变化等信息。The highway engineer must determine the most suitable location,layout,and capacity of the new routes and structures.公路工程师必须确定最合适的位置、布局和新线新结构的通行能力。Frequently,a preliminary line,or location,and several alternate routes are studied.通常，要仔细考虑初步的线形，或定位，以及几条可选择
7、的路线。,Highway Engineering,The detailed design is normally begun only when the preferred location has been chosen.按惯例，只有当更好的线位被选择以后，才开始详细设计。In selecting the best route,careful consideration is given to the traffic requirements,terrain to be traversed,value of land needed for the right-of-way,and estim
8、ated cost of construction for the various plans.在选择最佳线路时，要仔细考虑交通需求、要经过的地形、道路用地所需土地的价值、以及不同方案的预估施工造价。The photogrammetric method,which makes use of aerial photographs,is used extensively to indicate the character of the terrain on large projects,where it is most economical.利用航空拍摄技术的摄影制图方法被广泛地利用起来显示大型工
9、程的地形特征，在大型工程中采用这种方法是最经济的。,Highway Engineering,On small projects,ground-mapping methods are preferred.对于小型工程，就宁可选择地面制图方法。Financing considerations determine whether the project can be carried out at one time or whether construction must be in stages,with each stage initiated as funds become available.
10、资金方面的考虑决定着工程是否能一次实施或者必须分阶段施工，每个阶段都只有当可以获得资金的时候才开工。In deciding the best method of financing the work,the engineer makes an analysis of whom it will benefit.在确定为工程集资的最好的方法的过程中，工程师要分析工程将对谁有利。Important highways and streets benefit,in varying degrees,three groups:users,owners of adjacent property,and the
11、 general public.重要的公路和街道在不同程度上对三组人群有利：使用者、邻近房产的所有者、以及全体公众。,Highway Engineering,Users of improved highways benefit from decreased cost of transportation,greater travel comfort,increased safety,and saving of time.改善了的公路的使用者从减少的运输成本、更舒适的旅行、增加的安全感、和节约时间中得到好处。They also obtain recreational and educational
12、 benefits.他们还可以获得消遣和教育的好处。Owners of abutting or adjacent property may benefit from better access,increased property value,more effective police and fire protection,improved street parking,greater pedestrian traffic safety,and the use of the street right-of-way for the location of public utilities,su
13、ch as water lines and sewers.邻近房产的所有者可以从更好的接近机会、增加的房价、更高效的治安和防火、改善的街道草坪、更安全的行人交通、和公众设施位置街道优先权的使用，比如水管和污水管这些方面获得利益。,Highway Engineering,Evaluation of various benefits from highway construction is often difficult but is a most important phase of highway engineering.从公路建设中获取不同利益的评价通常是公路工程中很难但又是最重要的一个阶段
14、。Some benefits can be measured with accuracy,but the evaluation of others is more speculative.一些利益能够精确地推测出来，而另一些就显得更投机了。As a result numerous methods are used to finance construction,and much engineering work may be involved in selecting the best procedure.结果，许多的方法就被用来为建设集资，很多的工程项目可能就牵涉到选择最佳做法。,Envir
15、onmental evaluation 环境评价,The environmental impact of constructing highways has received increased attention and importance.修建公路对环境的影响已经受到了越来越多的注意和重视。Many projects have been delayed and numerous others canceled because of environmental problems.许多工程已经被推迟，其他的很多已经被取消，就是因为环境问题。The environmental study or
16、 report covers many factors,including noise generation,air pollution,disturbance of areas traversed,destruction of existing housing,and possible alternate routes.环境研究或报告包括了许多因素：噪音的产生、空气污染、对被穿过区域的干扰、原有房屋的毁坏、和可能供选择的线路。,Right-of-way acquisition 道路用地的获得,Highway engineers must also assist in the acquisit
17、ion of right-of-way needed for new highway facilities.公路工程师还必须协助新的公路设施所需的道路用地的获得。Acquisition of the land required for construction of expressways leading into the central business areas of cities has proved extremely difficult；实践证明，要取得建设通向城市商业区高速公路所需的土地非常困难；the public is demanding that traffic engin
18、eers work closely with city planners,architects,sociologists,and all groups interested in beautification and improvement of cities to assure that expressways extending through metropolitan areas be built only after coordinated evaluation of all major questions,including the following：公众现在要求交通工程师与城市规
19、划师、建筑师、社会学家、及一切对城市环境的美化和改善有兴趣的团体密切合作，以保证通过市区的高速公路是在对所有主要问题都进行过同样的考核之后建造的，这些问题包括：,Right-of-way acquisition 道路用地的获得,(1)Is sufficient attention being paid to beautification of the expressway itself?高速公路自身的美化受到足够的重视了吗？(2)Would a change in location preserve major natural beauties of the city?在线位处的变化将保持城市
20、主要的自然美吗？(3)Could a depressed design be logically substituted for those sections where an elevated expressway is proposed?理论上一个降低的设计能代替抬高的高速公路断面吗？(4)Can the general design be improved to reduce the noise created by large volumes of traffic?为了减少由大交通量产生的噪音，能改进总体设计吗？(5)Are some sections of the city bein
21、g isolated by the proposed location?城市的一些区域正在被那些推荐的线位隔离开吗？,Detailed design 详细设计,Detailed design of a highway project includes preparation of drawings or blueprints to be used for construction.公路工程的详细设计包括对用来施工的图纸或蓝图的准备。These plans show,for example,the location,the dimensions of such elements as roadw
22、ay width,the final profile for the road,the location and type of drainage facilities,and the quantities of work involved,including earthwork and surfacing.比如，这些图纸表明了位置，一些元素如道路宽度的尺寸，道路最终的断面图，排水设施的位置和类型，以及涉及到包括土方工程和路面工程等工程的数量。,Soil studies 土壤研究,In planning the grading operations the design engineer co
23、nsiders the type of material to be encountered in excavating or in cutting away the high points along the project and how the material removed can best be utilized for fill or for constructing embankments across low areas elsewhere on the project.在设计土地平整工序时，负责设计的工程师要考虑开挖工程沿线高地时会遇到的土层材料类型和怎样在穿过工程其他地方
24、低地时最好利用这些被挖出的材料作为填土或建造路基。For this the engineer must analyze the gradation and physical properties of the soil,determine how the embankments can best be compacted,and calculate the volume of earthwork to be done.因为这，工程师必须分析土壤的层次和物理特征，确定怎样才能最好地压实路堤，计算将要处理的土方工程量。,Soil studies 土壤研究,Electronic calculatin
25、g procedures are now sometimes used for the last step.Electronic equipment has also speeded up many other highway engineering calculations.现在，电子计算程序有时被用在最后一个步骤。电子设备也已经加速了许多其他公路工程的计算。Powerful and highly mobile earth-moving machines have been developed to permit rapid and economical operations.大功率的、高度
26、机动的运土机械已经被设计出来，于是操作也就越快越经济。,Surfacing 铺面,Selection of the type and thickness of roadway surfacing to be constructed is an important part of design.新建道路路面类型和厚度的选择是设计的一个重要部分。The type chosen depends upon the maximum loads to be accommodated,the frequency of these loads,and other factors.类型的选择取决于将承担的最大荷
27、载，这些荷载的频率，以及其他因素。For some routes,traffic volume may be so low that no surfacing is economically justified and natural soil serves as the roadway.对于一些线路，交通量可能会很低以至于不用路面在经济上都是合理的，天然的土壤就可以直接为道路服务。As traffic increases,a surfacing of sandy clay,crushed slag,crushed stone,caliche,crushed oyster shells,or
28、a combination of these may be applied.随着交通量的增加，就可能会用到沙粘土，碎矿渣，碎石头，生硝，碎牡蛎壳，或这些的混合物做成的路面。,Surfacing 铺面,If gravel is used,it usually contains sufficient clay and fine material to help stabilize the surfacing.如果用了砾石，通常它包含了足够的粘土和细密的材料以帮助路面的稳定。Gravel surfaces may be further stabilized by application of cal
29、cium chloride,which also aids in controlling dust.加了氯化钙的砾石路面可能更加稳定，氯化钙在控制灰尘方面也有帮助。Another surfacing is composed of Portland cement and water mixed into the upper few inches of the subgrade and compacted with rollers.另一种路面是由波特兰水泥和水组成的，它们在路基的上面几英尺混合，然后用滚筒碾压。,Surfacing 铺面,This procedure forms a soil-ce
30、ment base that can be surfaced with bituminous materials.这种方法形成了一种土壤水泥基础，上面可以用沥青材料铺面。Roadways to carry large volumes of heavy vehicles must be carefully designed and made of considerable thickness.要运行大量的重型汽车的道路必须仔细设计，必须做得有足够的厚度。,Surfacing,Drainage structures 排水结构,Much of highway engineering is devot
31、ed to the planning and construction of facilities to drain the highway or street and to carry streams across the highway right-of-way.许多公路工程都要作一些设施（为公路或街道排水的设施，供穿过公路用地的溪流通过的设施）的规划和建设。Removal of surface water from the road or street is known as surface drainage.从道路或街道排除表面水被称为地表排水。It is accomplished b
32、y constructing the road so that it has a crown and by sloping the shoulders and adjacent areas so as to control the flow of water either toward existing natural drainage,such as open ditches,or into a storm drainage system of catchbasins and underground pipes.它是这样被实现的：通过修建道路以便于它有一个顶峰并把肩部和附近区域向外倾斜以便控
33、制水流向已有的天然排水构造，比如开放的壕沟，或流进雨水井的雨水系统和地下管道。,Drainage structures 排水结构,If a storm drainage system is used,as it would be with city streets,the design engineer must give consideration to the total area draining onto the street,the maximum rate of runoff expected,the duration of the design storm,the amount
34、of ponding allowable at each catchbasin,and the proposed spacing of the catchbasins along the street.如果使用雨水排水系统的话，就像在城市街道上一样，设计师必须考虑街道上总的排水面积，最大可能的流速，设计暴雨的持续时间，每个雨水井允许的蓄水量，以及雨水井沿街道的推荐间距。From this information the desired capacity of the individual catchbasin and the size of the underground piping net
35、work are calculated.从这些信息，就可以计算出每个雨水井的要求容量，和地下管网的尺寸。,Drainage structures 排水结构,In designing facilities to carry streams under the highway the engineer must determine the area to be drained,the maximum probable precipitation over the drainage basin,the highest expected runoff rate,and then,using this
36、information,must calculate the required capacity of the drainage structure.设计公路下的排水设施时，工程师必须确定需要排水的范围、排水区域最大可能的降雨量，最大可能的流速，然后利用这些资料，推算所需排水结构的负荷量。Generally designs are made adequate to accommodate not only the largest flow ever recorded for that location but the greatest discharge that might be expec
37、ted under the most adverse conditions for a given number of years.通常，设计要做得不仅能容纳这个位置有记录的最大流量，而且还要能够排除给定年限内最不利条件下可能出现的最大流量。,Drainage structures 排水结构,Factors considered in calculating the expected flow through a culvert opening include size,length,and shape of the opening,roughness of the walls,shape o
38、f the entrance and downstream end of the conduit,maximum allowable height of water at the entrance,and water level at the outlet.在计算通过涵洞通道的可能水流时要考虑的因素包括：尺寸，长度，通道的形式，墙的粗糙度，沟渠进口和下游出口的形式，进口最大的允许的水流高度，出水口的水位。,Rest facilities 休息设施,Much engineering and construction work has been done to provide rest stops
39、 along major expressway routes,especially the national system of interstate highways.沿着主要的高速公路线路，特别是洲际公路的国家体系，许多工程和建筑结构已经被用来提供休息的场所。These facilities must be carefully located to permit easy and safe exit and return access to the highway.为了保证舒适、安全地离开和回到公路上，必须要仔细地选择这些设施的位置。Many units have been built a
40、s scenic locations in forested areas to permit picnic grounds and walkways through the forest.在森林地区为了有野餐的地盘和能走路通过森林，许多的单元被修建起来作为风景的场所。These rest areas are especially beneficial to those drivers traveling long distances with few stops.这些休息的场所特别对于那些长途跋涉的司机能停车休息很有好处。,Noise barriers 噪音屏障,The control and
41、 reduction of noise along busy routes,especially expressways,has become important part of highway engineering.沿交通繁忙的线路，特别是高速公路，控制和减少噪音已经成为公路工程一个重要的部分。In many communities high walls have been built along either side of the expressway.Such walls can be costly to construct,but can prove very beneficial
42、.Barriers can reduce overall noise levels by over 50.在许多社区沿着高速公路两边修建了高墙。这种墙修建起来很经济，但实践证明很有用，屏障能减少整个噪音的50以上。,Noise barriers,Construction operations 施工操作,Although much engineering and planning must be done preliminary to it,the actual construction is normally the costliest part of making highway and s
43、treet improvements.虽然在施工之前要做许多工程和规划，但确切的施工才是改善公路和街道的过程中花费最多的部分。Staking out 监督 With the award of a construction contract following the preparation of the detailed plans and specifications,engineers go onto the site and lay out the project.随着详细规划和说明书的准备之后的施工合同的签订，工程师就进入场地并筹划工程。As part of this staking
44、out,limits of earthwork are shown,location of drainage structures indicated,and profiles established.作为监督工作的一部分，要限制土方量，表明排水结构的位置，建立数据图表。,Compaction 压实,Heavy rollers are used to compact the soil or subgrade below the roadway in order to eliminate later settlement.重型压路机被用来压实道路下的土壤或路基，以便于消除后期沉降。Pneumat
45、ic-tired rollers and sheepsfoot rollers(steel cylinders equipped with numerous short steel teeth or feet)are often employed for this operation.汽胎压路机和羊脚压路机通常被用于这项操作。Vibratory rollers have been developed and used on some projects in recent years.最近几年发展起来的振动压路机也被用于了一些工程中。One type vibrates up to 3400 ti
46、mesmin,compacting the underlying material to an appreciable depth.有一种类型的振动压路机达到了3400次/分钟，能压实下面的材料到一个合适的深度。,sheepsfoot rollers,Vibratory rollers,Maintenance and operation 养护和运营,Highway maintenance consists of the repair and upkeep of surfacing and shoulders,bridges and drainage facilities,signs,traff
47、ic control devices,guard rails,traffic striping on the pavement,retaining walls,and side slopes.公路的养护包括维修和保养路面和路肩、桥梁和排水设施、标志牌、交通控制设施、护栏、人行道上的交通带、挡土墙和边坡。Additional operations include ice control and snow removal.其他的操作包括冰雪的控制和清除。Because it is valuable to know why some highway designs give better perfo
48、rmance and prove 1ess costly to maintain than others,engineers supervising maintenance can offer valuable guidance to design engineers.因为懂得了为什么一些公路的设计能体现出更好的性能和实践证明比其他的一些公路在养护上花销更少是有用的，所以管理养护的工程师能给设计工程师提供有价值的指导。Consequently,maintenance and operation are important parts of highway engineering.因此养护和运营
49、也是公路工程的重要部分。,This text mainly introduced the content of highway engineering.It invovles environmental evaluation,right-of-way acquisiton,detailed design,construction operation,and maintenance and operation.Thereinto,detailed design includes soil studies,surfacing,drainage structures,rest facilities,and noise barriers.这篇文章主要介绍了公路工程的内容。它涉及到环境评价、公路用地的获得、详细设计、施工操作和养护运营。其中，详细设计又包括土壤研究、铺面、排水结构、休息设施和噪音屏障。要求：掌握关于公路工程的一些专业词汇及专业知识，巩固长句的翻译方法。,Brief Summary,
