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1、Listening Class,TEM-8Mini Lecture,Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages.These means are called paralinguistic features of language,which fall into two categories.First c
2、ategory:vocal paralinguistic features(1)_:to express attitude or intention Examples1.whispering:need for secrecy2.breathiness:deep emotion3.(2)_:unimportance 4.nasality:anxiety5.extra lip-rounding:greater intimacySecond category:physical paralinguistic featuresfacial expressions(3)_-smiling:signal o
3、f pleasure or welcomeless common expressions-eye brow raising:surprise or interest-lip biting:(4)_,gesturegestures are related to culture.British culture-shrugging shoulders:(5)_-scratching head:puzzlementother cultures-placing hand upon heart:(6)_-pointing at nose:secretproximity,posture and echoin
4、gproximity:physical distance between speakers-closeness:intimacy or threat-(7)_:formality or absence of interest Proximity is person-,culture-and(8)_-specific.posture-hunched shoulders or a hanging head:to indicate(9)_-direct level eye contact:to express an open or challenging attitudeechoing-defini
5、tion:imitation of similar posture-(10)_:aid in communication-conscious imitation:mockery,1 tones of voice 2 huskiness（粗噶声）3 universal signal 4 thought or uncertainty 5 indifference 6 honesty 7 distance 8 situation 9 mood 10 unconscious imitation,技巧1：抓主题,记实词讲座文章通常采用总-分-总的结构，因此显得中心突出，结构清晰，层次分明。此外，开头主题
6、、分论点或结论句中出现的关键性名词、动词、形容词等，或对某一事物特点的描述以及分述各点时的细节描述性词汇都是表达信息的主要载体。技巧2：表示顺序或层次的词句后是要点这类表达有：first of all,/the second point,/thirdly,/Now,lets take a look at the first point,等等。,技巧3：表示总结的词句后是要点历年考题中经常出现的表示总结的结构有：to sum up,in summary,to summarize,in a word,generally speaking,finally,in general,in the end,
7、to conclude,in conclusion,in brief,in closing,it can be concluded that,to draw the conclusion,above all,on the whole,in short等。技巧4：表示强调、重申的词句后是要点用来表示强调、重申的结构或表达有：what is the most important is,indeed,really,absolutely,of course,in other words,to put it another way,that is,in similar terms,to reiterat
8、e(重申)等。,技巧5：逻辑关系词（转折、因果、对照、补充等）后是要点常见的表示逻辑关系的结构有：whats more,but,however,nevertheless,on the other hand,not onlybut also,therefore,so,as a result,consequently,hence,on the contrary,in contrast,by contrast,besides,as well,in addition,furthermore等。技巧6：表达观点的词句后是要点常见的表达观点的结构有：believe,maintain,consider,in my point of view,in my opinion,as I see it,in the eyes of,as for me,as far as Im concerned,according to等。技巧7：表示举例的词后是要点真题中曾出现过的表示举例的结构有：for example,for instance,such as,like,that is,namely,to illustrate,as an illustration等。,
