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1、溝通策略communicative Strategy,林淑慧,Selinker 1972,InterlanguageStrategies of second language communicationTarone 1977,Providing the first definition and taxonomy,Definitions,a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when face with some difficultyCorder,1977a mutual attempt of tw
2、o interlocutors to agree on a meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not sharedTarone,1980,Definitions,potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goalFaerch and Kasper,1983atechniques of copi
3、ng with difficulties in communicating in an imperfectly known second languageStern,1983,Definitions,ProblematicityConsciousnessIntentionality,高海虹2000,學習者在對第二語言或外語掌握有限的情況下，為達到交際目的，彌補其語法或詞彙知識貧乏而採用的方法（Paribakht 1985,Corder 1983,Faerch&Kasper 1983）,Tarone 1977,AvoidanceTopicMassage abandonmentParaphrase
4、ApproximationWord coinagecircumlocutionConscious transferLiteral translationLanguage switchAppeal for assistanceMime,Drnyei&Scott 1995,DirectResource deficit-relatedMassage abandonment,reduction,replacementCircumlocutionApproximationUse of all-purpose wordsWord-coinageRestructuring,Drnyei&Scott 1995
5、,Resource deficit-relatedLiteral translationForeignizingCode switchingUse of similar sounding wordsMumblingOmissionRetrievalMime,Drnyei&Scott 1995,Own-performance problem-relateSelf-rephrasingSelf-repairOther-performance problem-relateOther-repair,Drnyei&Scott 1995,InteractionResource deficit-relate
6、dAppeals for helpOwn-performance problem-relateComprehension checkOwn-accuracy check,Drnyei&Scott 1995,Other-performance problem-relateAsking for repetition,clarification,confirmationGuessingExpressing nonunderstandingInterpretive summaryresponse,Drnyei&Scott 1995,IndirectProcessing time pressure-re
7、latedUse of fillersRepetitionsOwn-performance problem-relateVerbal strategy markersOther-performance problem-relateFeigning understanding,Reference,Zolt:n Drnyei&Mary Lee Scott,1997,communication strategies in a second language:Definition and Taxonomies,Language Learning v47 p173-210 Ellen Bialystok,1990,Communication Strategies,A Psychological Analysis of Second-Language UseElain Tarone,1980,Communication strategies,Foreigner talk,and repair in interlanguage,Language Learning v30 p417-431,Reference,高海虹,2000,交際策略能力研究報告觀念與運用,外語教學與研究 v32:1,p53-58H.Douglas Brown（余光雄譯）,2005,第二語教學最高指導原則,longman,
