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1、1,研究生科技英语课程科技英语写作,邵宗平南京工业大学化学化工学院材料化学工程国家重点实验室,2,科技论文的标题 How to prepare the title?,3,First impressions are strong impressions;a title ought therefore to be well studied,and to give,so far as its limits permit,a definite and concise indication of what is to come.T.Clifford Allbutt先入为主。因此，论文的标题应最大限度地对
2、文章内容给出明确而简洁的指示。,科技论文的标题,4,Importance of the TitlePerhaps few people,if any,will read the entire paper,but many people will read the title,either in the original journal or in one of the secondary(abstracting and indexing)publications.The indexing and abstracting services depend heavily on the accura
3、cy of the title.An improperly titled paper may be virtually lost and never reach its intended audience.,科技论文的标题,5,科技论文的标题,6,Length of the Titlelong titles are often less meaningful than short ones.ExampleMost excessively long titles contain waste words.Often,these waste words appear right at the sta
4、rt of the title,words such as A study of,Studies on,Investigations on,and Observations on.,科技论文的标题,7,8,An opening A,An,or The is also a waste word.Example 1 标题可改为：Selectivity in direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2:role of catalyst on reaction kineticsExample 2 标题可改为：Novel preparation of thin den
5、se Pd membrane on macroporous stainless steel tubular filterExample 3 标题可改为：Dehydrogenation of ethanol in a palladium membrane reactor,科技论文的标题,9,科技论文的标题,10,Need for specific titlesExample:Properties of ZSM-5 molecular sieve Catalytic properties of ZSM-5 molecular sieve Catalytic properties of ZSM-5
6、molecular sieve on cracking of cumene Deactivation of ZSM-5 molecular sieve on catalytic cracking of cumeneBad title:A study of the deactivation of the ZSM-5 molecular sieve on the catalytic cracking of the cumene,科技论文的标题,11,Exercise:pH值对沉淀法制备的碳酸钙比表面的影响Effect of pH on specific surface area of calciu
7、m carbonate prepared by precipitation以多孔陶瓷为载体的钯银合金膜的制备和表征Preparation and characterization of Pd-Ag alloy membranes supported on porous ceramics汽油成分的气相色谱分析Gas-chromatography analysis on gasoline components,科技论文的标题,12,Title should not be a sentenceExample:“Oct-3 is a maternal factor required for the f
8、irst mouse embryonic division”OCT-3是首次鼠胚胎分裂的母体因素(Cell 64:1103,1991).The verb(is)is a waste word,in that it can be readily deleted without affecting comprehension.Inclusion of the is results in a title that now seems to be a loud assertion.But,it happens,科技论文的标题,13,14,Running titles页头标题As an aid to r
9、eaders,running titles or running heads are printed at the top of each page.Often,the title of the journal or book is given at the top of left-facing pages and the article or chapter title is given at the top of right-facing pages.Usually,a short version of the title is needed because of space limita
10、tions.一般，页头标题由期刊自定。,科技论文的标题,15,Abbreviations in title Titles should not contain abbreviations,proprietary专有的 names,jargon,and the like.Example:The hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine:a technical review不能写成:“H2ICE：a technical review”.But,this kind of problem often happens,科技论文的标题,16,17,How abo
11、ut chemical formula?简单的化学式最好用英文表示，而稍复杂的化学式最好不译。如palladium,sodium,PdCl2,Na2MoO4,H3PW12O40.nH2O,Y-Ba-Cu-B-O等等。化学式往往更精确。如“iron oxide”是FeO，Fe2O3还是Fe3O4?“nitrogen oxide”是N2O,NO,N2O3,N2O4,NO2,N2O5中的哪一个？Example,科技论文的标题,18,19,科技论文的署名 How to list the authors?,20,科技论文的署名,The listing of authors should include
12、those,and only those,who actively contributed to the overall design and execution完成 of the experiments.但是，存在剥削现象。The authors should normally be listed in order of importance to the experiments.The first author is often the senior author,in case that two authors contributes equally,a footnote may be
13、addressed.鼓励学生做第一作者，关键是要名实相符。Very often,the last author is the group leader.,21,Corresponding author Usually the supervisor or lab leader.If,before publication,the author has moved to a different address,the new address should be indicated in a Present Address footnote.尊师。对学生来讲，通常在准备稿件时应该将作者栏空白，由导师在
14、定稿时将作者加上，以显示对导师的尊重。爱生。反过来，导师也应该根据贡献的大小决定文章的署名，如学生是主要作者，应让学生作第一作者。,科技论文的署名,22,科技论文的摘要 How to prepare the abstract?,23,科技论文的摘要,An Abstract should be viewed as a mini-version of the paper.The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper:Introduction,Experimental,Res
15、ults and Discussion.The Abstract is often typed as a single paragraph,but there are exceptions:Example 1;Example 2.The Abstract should：(1)state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation,(2)describe the methods employed,(3)summarize the results,and(4)state the principal conclusions.,24,
16、科技论文的摘要,The activities described in Abstract should be written in the past tense.But description of the facts should be written in present tense.The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract
17、(except in rare instances,such as modification of a previously published method).Abstract containing reference:Example 1;Example 2.,25,科技论文的摘要,Unless a long term is used several times within an Abstract,do not abbreviate the term.Write the paper before you write the abstract,if at all possible.Chemi
18、cal formulas and abbreviations of well-known characterization techniques can be written in abstract.The Abstract is almost universally the first part of the manuscript read during the review process.Therefore,it must be written clearly and simply.,26,科技论文的摘要,Usually,a good Abstract is followed by a
19、good paper;a poor Abstract is a harbinger预兆 of woes to come.When writing the Abstract,examine every word carefully.The use of abstruse难懂的,verbose 罗嗦的constructions is very likely to provoke a check in the reject box on the review form.Many experienced writers prepare their title and Abstract after th
20、e paper is written.,27,How to list the keywords?Initial letter capitalized;Spacing out with semicolon.Number of keywords.,科技论文的摘要,28,科技论文的前言 How to write the Introduction?,29,科技论文的前言,Aim:to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the pre
21、sent study without needing to refer to previous publications on the topic.The Introduction should also provide the rationale基本原理 for the present study.you should state briefly and clearly your purpose in writing the paper.Choose references carefully to provide the most important background informati
22、on.,30,科技论文的前言,Introduction是外刊文章最为难写的部分之一（另外一个是Discussion）。中文文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵，过于简单。外刊论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的，可以毫不夸张的说，一个好的Introduction就相当于文章成功了一半。所以大家应该在Introduction上集中足够的精力。要写好一个Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是结合在一起的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。,31,科技论文的前言,首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容，要尽量简洁明了。须知看文章的人都是
23、该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。Introduction的重头戏：文献的总结回顾。一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面地概括总结出来，特别是最新和经典文献的引用。一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，很可能认为你了解得不够深入或者全面。另一方面，引用的文献和数据一定要准确。片面的摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果是要不得的。引用文献的时候不要原文抄录，而要用自己的话来进行总结。,32,科技论文的前言,然后就是分析过去研究的局限性并且阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个Introduction的高潮所在，所以更是要慎之又慎。阐述局限性的时候，需要注意的问题是要客观公正
24、评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上，这往往是我们写中文文章中容易犯的毛病。在外刊论文的写作中，这是万万要不得的，一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。,33,科技论文的前言,在阐述自己的创新点时，要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰地描述自己的解决思路。文章的摊子不要铺得太大，要抓住一点进行深入的阐述。只要能够很好的解决一个问题，就是一篇很好的文章了。创新性描述的越多越大，越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。中文文章的特点是创新性要多要大，而英文文章的特点恰恰相反：深入系统的解决一到两个问题就算相当不错。最后，就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容，为Introduction做最后的收尾工作。至此，Introduction的写作算是大功告成。写完之后，还是要慎之又慎的仔细修改，仔细琢磨里面的每一个句子是否表达得恰当准确，这对Introduction的修改完善是至关重要的。,
