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1、,第2章 外贸文体翻译,第1章 汉英语言对比,第3章 科技文体翻译,第4章 新闻文体翻译,大学英语实用翻译教程,第5章 广告文体翻译,第6章 计算机辅助翻译,走信息路 读北邮书,第一章,汉英语言对比,第一节 汉英语言文化背景比较,1.1.文化与语言的关系语言是文化的一部分,同时又是文化的载体,人类的各种文化只有通过语言才能传播、交流、发展、延续。所以各种文化因素都能在语言中找到根据,语言文字中处处都打有文化的烙印,语言活动过程中时时可见文化的踪迹。语言与文化互相影响,互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化,理解文化必须了解语言。,1.2.文化背景与选词用语的关系,中西语言和文化上有一些共融性、共通性:
2、时间就是金钱 Time is money火上浇油to pour oil on the flame眼不见,心不烦out of sight,out of mind如履薄冰to be on the thin ice混水摸鱼to fish in the troubled waters一只耳朵进,一只耳朵出in one ear and out the other来得容易,去得快 easy come,easy go趁热打铁strike while the iron is hot岁月不等人time and tide wait for no man隔墙有耳walls have ears,露面 to show
3、ones face;to show up 丢脸 to lose face 老手 an old hand 笑柄 a laughing stock 碰壁 run ones head against a wall 好心 kind-hearted,中西语言和文化方面的差异对词语的影响,从传统上来说,中国自古以农立国,农业人口多,所以用语多用农谚,例如:槁木死灰withered trees and dying embers骨瘦如柴be as lean as a rake;be as thin as a lath对牛弹琴play the lute to the ox;cast pearls before
4、swine瑞雪兆丰年Timely snow augurs a good harvest.众人拾柴火焰高The flames rise high when everybody adds fuel to it;Many hands make light work.,中西语言和文化方面的差异对词语的影响,英语中不少成语、俗语和海洋、航海等有关。Hoist your sail when the wind is fair.好风快扬帆。Still waters run deep.静水深流。In a calm sea,every man is a pilot.海面平静,人人都可当舵手。A small lea
5、k will sink a great ship.小洞不堵要沉大船。,中西语言和文化方面的差异对词语的影响,词义在文化上的不同“狐群狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狗仗人势”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”You are a lucky dog.Every dog has his day.Old dog will not learn new tricks.Love me.Love my dog.,中西语言和文化方面的差异对词语的影响,词义在联想上的不同体壮如牛as strong as a horse豪饮如牛drink like a fish食量大如牛 eat like an elephant 胆小如鼠as
6、timid as a rabbit一箭之遥at a stones throw一贫如洗as poor as church mouse,1.3.词汇语义与文化内涵,许多英汉词语的概念意义与文化内涵完全相同,此类词语能够直译。但是英汉词汇的语义和文化内涵存在着不等值的现象,主要表现在概念意义、内涵意义和搭配意义上。,1.3.1.词汇的概念意义,概念意义是一个词的基本意义,是交际的核心因素,不能正确理解词的概念意义,就会引起交际冲突。如:爱人lover叔叔uncle;grandfather,grandmother,father-in-law,cousin等等。Drugstore药店landlord地主
7、,1.3.2.词的内涵意义,内涵意义是超出概念意义以外的意义,往往与客观事物的本性和特点有联系。例如Idealism和“唯心主义”individualism和“个人主义”politics和“政治”community和“社团”propaganda和“宣传”idealist和“唯心主义者”liberalism和“自由主义”intellectual和“知识分子”peasant和“农民”等等,其内涵意义都 不能完全划上等号。,1.3.3.词的搭配意义,搭配意义主要是指词与词之间的横向组合关系,搭配往往也是约定俗成的,不能用母语的搭配规律套用到其它语言的学习中去。例如:红茶black tea,black
8、 coffee浓咖啡浓茶strong tea雨后春笋spring up like mushrooms多如牛毛as plentiful as blackberries挥金如土spend money like water,第二节 汉英词语对比,2.1.汉英词语的语法对比 汉语的词类大约有十一类,实词类有:名词、动词、形容词、代词、副词、数词和量词,虚词类有:连词、介词、助词、感叹词等。英语有十大类词,实词类包括名词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、代词,虚词类包括介词、连词、冠词、感叹词。,2.1.汉英词语的语法对比,英语的冠词和汉语的量词分别为各自所独有,而没有直接对应。两种语言中名词、动词、形容词三
9、大实词类基本对应,虚词中的介词、连词也基本对应。汉语的助词是个特殊的词类,它包括结构助词、时态助词、语气助词等。英语虽无此类助词,但其动词的时态与体式,句式的陈述与疑问,词语之间的修饰关系都分别与汉语的助词的功能相对应。英语的副词较复杂,只有一小部分能与汉语的副词相当(程度、疑问、时间、范围、连接副词等)。汉语中也没有英语的关系(代、副)词,例如who;whom;whose;that;which;what;when;where;why;how等,用来连接主句和从句。英语比汉语多介词与连词,2.1.汉英词语的语法对比,例一:I will tell him the truth if time is
10、 ripe.译文:等时机成熟,我会告诉他的。例二:我们在国外的人,可以很明显地感到中国以外的朋友,对中国的了解太肤浅了。译文:As overseas Chinese,we have an acute feeling that the foreign friends outside China have a substantially superficial understanding of China.,2.2.1.对应词的空缺,干部cadreofficialfunctionaryadministrator斗争会 struggle meeting节气 solar terms 雨水 Rain W
11、ater(2nd Solar Term)惊蛰 Waking of Insects(3rd Solar Term清明Pure and Brightness(5th Solar Term)有些“节气”的名称在英语中确实有对应词:春分=Spring Equinox;夏至=Summer Solstice;秋分=Autumnal Equinox;冬至=Winter Solstice。,2.2.2 对应词不完全同义,籍贯可能指place of birth或where a person is from,也往往指where a persons parents or ancestors came from or
12、iginally。Place of birth 只表示本人出生的地方,与祖先的任何情况无关 粥对应的英文词汇是Porridge,但是中国的粥种类繁多,用数不清的各种原料熬制成。西方国家的所谓粥与中国的粥大相径庭。,2.2.3.对应词含义范围不同,carrier一词可以表示大到“航空母舰”小至“显微镜载物玻璃Injection一词既有“发射、投入”,又有“注射液、针剂”这类具体概念。feed一词的基本词义是“喂养”,但在不同的领域却变为“馈电、给料、加载、输送、走刀、供弹”等power一词的基本含义是“力量”,用在不同场合却变为“能源、兵力、功率、倍数、乘方、大国、证书”等。,2.3.根据词汇特
13、点掌握翻译技巧,2.3.1.词类的转换 由于词类的性质不同,词类的转换便成了汉英互译中经常使用的技巧,为了使译文在句子结构及语法上更符合两种语言的习惯,在进行翻译时就有必要改变词性。例如:1.英语名词转化为汉语动词:Those small factories are also lavish consumers of materials.译文:那些小工厂还极大地消耗着原材料。2.英语介词转化为汉语动词:She skimmed over the lawn,across the pavilion,and into the house.译文:她越过草地,穿过凉亭,进了屋子。,2.3.1.词类的转换,3
14、.英语副词转化为汉语动词:The meeting was over and they all went home.译文:会议结束后,他们都回家了。4.英语形容词转化成汉语动词:The Chinese people will highly welcome the new program for better living conditions.译文:中国人民将十分欢迎这个改善生活条件的新计划。5.英语代词转化成汉语名词:The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.译文:这次实验的结果比前几次的实
15、验结果都好得多。6.英语形容词转化成汉语名词:The volunteers did their best to help the sick and the wounded.译文:志愿者尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。,2.3.1.词类的转换,7.英语动词转化为汉语名词:Neutrons act differently from protons.译文:中子的作用不同于质子。8.英语名词转化成汉语形容词:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.译文:独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。9.英语副词转化成汉语形容词:Earthquakes
16、are closely related to faulting.译文:地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。10.英语形容词转化成汉语副词:Mr.zhang was a quiet and thoughtful man.译文:张先生举止优雅,待人体贴。11英语名词转化为汉语副词:I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.译文:我荣幸地通知您,您的请求已经得到批准。,2.3.1.词类的转换,12.英语动词转化为汉语副词:Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make
17、the steam wet.译文:加热面上的迅速蒸发,往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。13.汉语动词转化为英语名词:王先生画虎画得特别好。译文:Mr.Wangs drawings of tigers are exceptionally good.14.汉语动词转化为英语形容词:悉张先生生病,我们极为关切。译文:We are deeply concerned at the news that Mr.Zhang has been ill.15.汉语动词转化为英语介词:你追求什么?(你在找什么?)译文:What are you for?,2.3.1.词类的转换,16.汉语名词转化为英语动词:该厂产品的特点是工
18、艺精湛,经久耐用。译文:The products of this factory are characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.17.汉语形容词转化为英语名词:街道上的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。译文:Everything in the street was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray.18.汉语名词转化为英语副词:我们的教育方针应该使受教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展。译文:Our educational policy must enable everyo
19、ne who receives an education to develop morally,intellectually and physically.,2.3.2.词语的增减,2.3.2.1.为使语义明确而增减词语(1)增词:Isawthedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldiersploddingonlikea swarmofcrawlinglocusts.译文:我曾看到大批头脑愚蠢,训练有素,唯命是从而又凶暴残忍的德国士兵,像一群螺虫在蠕动行进。(2)减词:Remember:youarenotanyoldTom,DickorHar
20、rygivinghisopinion.YoureamanwhowassentasarepresentativeoftheBritishGovernment.译文:要记住,你不是一个普普通通的老百姓,可以随便发表意见。你是英国政府派出的代表。,2.3.2.2.出于结构的需要而增减词语,(1)增词:Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.译文:读书足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。(2)减词:Hesasickmanandhecantcomeforhisdough.译文:他有病在身,不能来取钱。,2.3.2.3.从修辞的角度考虑而增减词,(1)增
21、词:Wethinkwehavefreedourslaves,butwehavenot.Wejustcallthemadifferentname.译文:我们自以为奴隶已经解放了,实际上并没有。我们只不过用一种不同的名字来称呼他们罢了。(2)减词:Thenumbersofknownhydrocarbonsrunintotensofthousands.译文:已知的碳氢化合物有几万种。,2.3.3.音译加注和直译加注,2.3.3.1.音译加注 音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。例如:cartoon 卡通片Hamburger 汉堡包Benz 奔驰车
22、clone 克隆sauna 桑那浴)hacker 黑客El Nino 厄尔尼诺(现象)例一:Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen;and how much more this poor old nervous victim?译文:按照这样的养生之道,别说这可怜的老太太了,就连健康女神哈奇亚*也会害病。,例二:Nancy Reagan,and not George Gallup,may well have the final say.译文:拥有最后发言权的,并非乔治盖洛普*民意测验,而是南希里根。*乔治盖洛普(190
23、1-1983)为美国统计学家。他发明的民意测验方法在西方广为流行。他的名字“盖洛普”也就成了这种测验方法的通称。,2.3.3.2.直译加注,直译加注指直译原文,并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,既可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。例如:Big Apple 大苹果(纽约的别称)Mad-cow disease 疯牛病(牛海绵状脑病)Oval Office 椭圆形办公室(美国白宫总统办公室)Desert Storm 沙漠风暴(1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打击行动的代号),2.3.3.2.直译加注,例一:It was Friday*and soon theyd go out
24、and get drunk.译文:星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。*星期五Friday为英国的发薪日。如不解释,译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。例二:While it may seem to be painting the lily,I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article.译文:我想给阿利斯太尔库克先生的杰作稍加几笔,尽管这也许是为百合花上色,费力不讨好。*在西方人眼里,百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征,故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。,第三节 汉英
25、句子对比,3.1.句子类型对比 在句子类型方面,按语法功能分,汉语和英语都可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类。英语的疑问句还可以再分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、修辞设问句与感叹疑问句。按结构分,汉语可分为单句和复句,单句和复句还可以再分为许多句式,表达并列、承接、选择、递进、转折、因果、假设、条件等各种复杂的关系。,3.1.句子类型对比,英语句子主要有七种句型:主语+谓语 The telephone rang.The boy ran away.主语+谓语+表语 He was exited.She looks delighted.主语+谓语+宾语 The hunt
26、er shot the tiger.The news surprised me.主语+谓语+状语 The girl is here.A wolf is at the door.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 She sang us a song.I sent him a letter.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 He painted the door green.We elected him president.主语+谓语+直接宾语+状语 She set the cup on the table.His sister put the car in the garage.,3.1.句子类型对比
27、,相比之下,汉语句子类型更加灵活,形式多样。如以下各例所示:例一:北京到处在兴建大楼。(地点主语)译文:New buildings are being built across Beijing.例二:高兴得我说不出话来了。(无主句)译文:Im so exited to say anything.例三:我明天的飞机,11点到北京,太晚了,不用接我,告诉我你住的地方,我打车去。译文:My flight is tommow and Ill be in Beijing at 11.Itll be too late,so dont bother to pick me up.Will you tell m
28、e where you live and Ill take a taxi there.,3.2.1.英语重形合,英语造句常用各种连接手段,数量大,种类多。常用的关系词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how等;常用的连接词有:and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,eitheror,when,while,as,since,until,so that等。英语造句几乎离不开这些词,汉语则不用或少用。,例一:There are all kinds of writers and all kinds of m
29、ethods,and any method that helps somebody to say what he wants to say is the right method for him.译文:作者不同,写作的方式自然也不同。不管何种方式,只要能够帮助一个人表达他所要表达的内容,对他而言,便是正确的方式。例二:One important reason why its becoming harder for farmers to keep up with the growing population is that supplies of water for irrigation are
30、 declining around the world as underground water reserves-aquifers-become depleted faster than nature can fill them.译文:养活日益增多的人口对农民来说,越来越不容易,一个重要原因在于,随着地下水储备(含水土层)枯竭速度超出自然界对其补充的速度,全球灌溉水供应日渐枯竭。,3.2.2.汉语重意合,汉语造句注重逻辑事理和句子顺序,注重功能、意义,注重以神统形,充分体现“意合“的特征:例一:他不老实,我不相信他。译文:Because he is dishonest,I do not be
31、lieve him.例二:人不犯我,我不犯人。译文:we will not attack unless we are attacked.例三:知己知彼,百战百胜。译文:If you know the enemy and know yourself,you will win all the battles.,3.3.句子结构对比,在下面的译例中,汉语原文小句的并列关系,翻译到英文里变成了主从关系或偏正关系:例一:他们进行挑衅活动,制造紧张局势,必须马上停止。译文:They must stop all their provocations at once,which create tensions
32、.例二:院长只宴请了几位老教师,想和这些人谈谈,听听他们的意见。译文:The dean was giving a dinner for a few senior teachers whom he whished to talk to or hear from.例三:我把我的决定告诉了妈妈,妈妈又告诉了爸爸。译文:I told my decision to Mum,who told it to Dad.,3.4.句子语序对比,汉语前者的思维模式基本上是首先考虑事物的环境和外围因素,然后考虑具体事物或中心事件;英语的思维模式正相反,首先考虑中心事物,然后才加上外围因素。中西思维方式的差异表现到句子
33、语序上,就是定语和状语的位置常常不一致。,3.4.句子语序对比,汉语中的定语总放在名词之前,在英语中,单词做定语时一般放在名词之前(特殊情况下才置于名词之后),但词组或从句做定语时则要放在名词之后。例如:例一:村东头的王大妈来了,受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。译文:There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village,and also came the villagers who had been deceived by the scoundrel.例二:在太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。译文:There are vari
34、ous kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the sky.,3.4.句子语序对比,在汉语中,状语习惯放在主语之后,谓语之前。英语中的状语的位置则富于变化,一个单词构成的状语可以根据需要放在句首、动词之前或者句末。比较长的状语往往放在句首或句末,几乎不放在中间。例一:去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。译文:He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.例二:很多学生每天早上在教室里认真地学习。译文:Many students study hard in the classroom every morning.例三:你准备好了我们就走。译文:We will leave the minute you are ready.,