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1、,英语语法专题讲座,虚拟语气,第一节 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气,if引导的非真实虚拟条件句表示的假设是不可能发生或实现的，主句和从句谓语动词都用虚拟式。以动词以do为例（be的形式为were），主要有三种基本形式：,虚拟语气的基本用法,If we left now,we should arrive in good time.(与现在事实相反)If he had been here,he might have been able to help us.(与过去事实相反)If you did that again,we wouldnt allow you to work with us.(与将来事
2、实相反),虚拟语气的基本用法,If everyone in the country knew first aid，many lives saved.A.are B.will be C.would be D.would have been答案为C。译文：如果这个国家每个公民都懂得急救，许多生命就会得以挽救。,The new station if they had not stopped working on it.A.would complete B.had been completed C.had completed D.would have been completed 答案为D。译文：如果
3、他们不停工，这座新车站可能已经完工了。,Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.Such attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life.我时常会想，如果我们能以明天就要告别这个世界的态度来度过每一天，那一定是极好的，这种心态会让每一个人珍视生命的价值。,If the whole operation be fore hand,a great deal of time and mo
4、ney would have been lost.(CET-4，1999年6月)A)was not planned B)has not been plannedC)had not been planned D)were not planned答案C。由主句的谓语动词would have been lost可以判断，本题考查的是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的用法，if引导的从句须用过去完成时，故C项为正确答案。本题句意是：如果整个手术不提前安排的话，那就要浪费大量的时间和金钱。,省略if的虚拟条件句,在虚拟语气的从句中有时可将if省去，而把were，had，should提到主语之前，引起倒装 W
5、ere you in my position,you would do the same.假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Had he come earlier,he would have met her.要是他早点来的话，他就会见到她了。,1：right now,she would get there on Sunday.(CET-4，1996年6月)A)Would she leave B)If she leavesC)Were she to leave D)If she had left答案C。从句子结构可知，本题是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。从句省略了连词if，可以将were提前，
6、构成倒装。只有C项符合语法规则，为正确答案。本题句意是：如果她马上动身的话，她可能在星期天到达那里。,二、错综时间虚拟语气,在表示虚拟语气的句子中，条件从句表示的动作与主句表示的动作发生的时间并不一致，这时，谓语动词的形式要根据各自表示的时间来调整，这种现象叫做错综时间虚拟语气，也称作混合虚拟语气。,If you had taken your medicine yesterday,you would be quite all right now.如果你昨天吃了药的话，现在就已痊愈了。(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反。)If he knew this,it would h
7、ave had to be by accident.假如他已知道此事，那一定是偶然的。(从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，主句则表示与过去事实相反的设想。),for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.(考研，1998年)A)Had it not been B)Were it notC)Be it not D)Should it not be 答案A。句意是：要不是能及时从社会获得投资，我们公司也不会像现在这样繁荣了。,含蓄虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气,非真
8、实条件句中的条件从句有时不表示出来，只暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。常见的有but for,without等引导的短语，以及or,or else,otherwise,but等后面的分句。,But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。We could have done better under more favorable conditions.在更有利的条件下，我们能够做得更好些。,We didnt know his telephone number,ot
9、herwise we him.(CET-4,1995年6月)A)would have telephoned B)must have telephonedC)would telephone D)had telephoned答案A。本题中otherwise引出的是一种与事实相反的假设条件，后面的句子应用虚拟语气。前一分句暗示了一个过去的时间，所以用would have done的形式，相当于If we had known his telephone number,we would have telephoned him。句意是：我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们早给他打电话了。,第二节 名词性从句中
10、的虚拟语气,一、虚拟语气用于主语从句中It is(was)important(necessary,desirable,imperative,advisable,incredible,urgent,possible,essential,natural,preferable,insistent,crucial,better,best,ridiculous,vital)that,It is(was)a pity(shame,wonder,must,suggestion,proposal,requirement,request,desire,order,recommendation)that,It i
11、s(was)desired(arranged,decided,ordered,proposed,requested,recommended,suggested,settled)that等句型的主语从句中，其谓语用“should+动词原形”(其中should可以省略)来构成虚拟语气。,It is advisable that a general announcement be made to the staff.最好给全体人员发个总通知。It is desired that this rule be brought to the attention of the staff.希望这条规则引起全体
12、职员的注意。It is required that the machine should be oiled.需要给这台机器加润滑油了。It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得那么差，真可怜。,It is essential that these application forms back as early as possible.(CET-4，2000年1月)A)must be sent B)will be sentC)are sent D)be sent答案D。本题是由it作形式主语，that引导主语从句，从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，虚拟语
13、气的形式是“should+动词原形”，其中should可省略。四个选项中符合语法规则的只有D项。本题句意是：将这些申请表格尽快地反馈回来是很必要的。,宾语从句中,当动词ask,arrange,beg,advise,command,deserve,direct,desire,demand,deter mine,move,prefer,propose,intend,recommend,request,require,suggest,suppose,urge,vote等后面接宾语从句时，从句的谓语用“should+动词原形(其中should可省略)”来表示虚拟语气。,Mr.Chairman,I mo
14、ve that the money be used for library books.主席先生，我提议把那笔钱用来购买图书馆书籍。Mikes uncle insists in this hotel.(CET-4,2000年1月)A)staying not B)not to sayC)that he would not stay D)that he not stay答案D。句意是：麦克的叔叔坚持不住这家旅馆。,NOTE:当suggest意为“暗示”，insist意为“坚持认为（一个事实）”时，其后的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气。例如：Her face suggested(暗示)that she wa
15、s ill.So I suggested(建议)that she(should)be sent to the hospital immediately.He insisted that he was right.她坚持认为自己是对的。,It is recommended that the project until all the preparations have been made:(CET-4，1995年6月)A)is not started B)will not be startedC)not be started D)is not to be started建议在一切准备工作做好了之
16、后再开始这一项目。,Wish后的宾语从句,对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，宾语从句的谓语用：would(could,might)+动词原形。I wish he would try again.我希望他再试一次。I wish I could be of some use.我希望我能有点用处。,表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，宾语从句的谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时。I wish I wasnt going to Paris.我真希望不是去巴黎。I wish I knew how to program the new computer.我真希望我懂得如何给这台新计算机编程序。,对过去发生的事情表示遗憾
17、或后悔时，宾语从句的谓语用“过去完成时或could/would have done”的形式。I wish you had come to our New Years party.我真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。I wish I could have gone with you last night.我真希望昨天晚上能够跟你一起去。,表语从句及同位语从句中,虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中当advise,decision,desire,demand,idea,order,motion,necessity,insistence,instruction,plan,preference,prop
18、osal,pray,recommendation,requirement,resolution,suggestion,understanding等名词后接表语从句或同位语从句时，从句的谓语用“should+动词原形(should可以省略)”的形式来构成虚拟语气。,The professor gave order that the test be finished before 1030.教授指示考试须在十点半以前结束。Our idea is that the match be put off.我们的意思是比赛延期举行。,虚拟语气的几个句型,1、would(had)rather,would as
19、 soon,would sooner,just as soon和would prefer所引导的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。,would rather,would rather+,Id rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。I would just as soon you had
20、returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。,had hoped/thought,2、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him,but his son became an artist later.,as if/as though,3、虚拟语气用于as if/as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同
21、。They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。,Its(high,about)time,4、Its(high,about)time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this
22、discussion.,if only,在if only引导的从句中，谓语动词须采用虚拟语气，其用法与wish后宾语从句的用法基本相同，表示“但愿”，“要是就好了”之意。If only I knew what you wanted.要是我知道你需要什么就好了。If only he had arrived in time,he would not have been punished.他要是准时到达就好了，那样他就不会受处分了。,Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I your advice.(CET-4，1993年6月)A)follow
23、 B)had followedC)would follow D)have followed答案B。句意是：瞧我现在的可怕处境!要是当时我听从了你的建议就好了。,in case,5、由连接词in case,lest,for fear that，(in order that,so that)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might)+动词原形She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。,虚拟语气的几个句型,Note:fear/be afraid/
24、worried lest sb.do sth.表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如：She fears lest he arrive too late.We were afraid lest it be broken.,was(were)+to have done,6.was(were)+to have done（不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but（陈述语气）I was to have arrived home on time,but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.,in order that,7
25、、在以in order that，so that，引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词可用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用may（might）动词原形或should 动词原形。She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother她在家里呆了好几天，以便能照顾生病的母亲。,Imagine 后的虚拟语气,8.Imagine 后的虚拟语气Imagine 表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想（用were型结构）；也可表示对过去非实际情况的意想（用had+过去分词结构）Imagine that we were o
26、n an desolate island now.Imagine that you were laughed by those shadow people.Imagine that he had not had taken those measures,what would have happened?,虚拟语气真题汇总,B B,199562.We could _ him with a detached house when he came,but he had specifically asked for a small flat.A.provide B.have provided C.no
27、t provide D.not have provided65._,he would not have recovered so quickly.A.Hadnt he been taken good care ofB.Had he not been taken good care ofC.Had not he been taken good care ofD.Had he been not taken good care of,C A C,43.I _ the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of people th
28、ere.1996A.would enjoy B.will have enjoyed C.would have enjoyed D.will be enjoying43.He left orders that nothing _ touched until the police arrived here.1997A.should be B.ought to be C.must be D.would be51.I was to have made a speech if _.A.I was not called away B.nobody would have called me awayC.I
29、had not been called away D.nobody called me away,B B C,43.If your car _ any attention during the first 12 months,take it to an authorized dealer.1998A.shall need B.should need C.would need D.will need 49.If you have really been studying English for so long.Its about time you _ able to write letters
30、in English.1999A.should be B.were C.must be D.are 49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there_ quite such a crowd of people there.2000A.werent B.hasnt been C.hadnt been D.wouldnt be,B A,200251.“What courses are you going to do next semester?”“I dont know.But its about time _on somet
31、hing.”A.I d decide B.I decided C.I decide D.Im deciding50._for the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the exam.A.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenC.Was it not D.Were it not,A B C,200551.If you explained the situation to your solicitor,he _ able to advise you much better than I can.A.wou
32、ld be B.will have been C.was D.were60.That was not the first time he _ us.I think its high time we _ strong actions against him.A.betrayedtake B.had betrayedtookC.has betrayedtook D.has betrayedtake63._ you _ further problems with your printer,contact your dealer for advice.A.If,had B.Have,had C.Sho
33、uld,have D.In case,had,D D A,200442._,Ill marry him all the same.A.Was he rich or poor B.Whether rich or poorC.Were he rich or poor D.Be he rich or poor44._ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?A.Would you be surprised B.Were you surprisedC.Had you been surprised D.Would yo
34、u have been surprised46.It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time.A.hand in B.would hand in C.have to hand in D.handed in,B A,200652.If only I _play the guitar as well as you!A would B could C should D might59 Its high time we _ cutting down the rainforests.A stopped B had to stop C
35、 shall stop D stop,A C,200754.If only the patient _a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics,he might still be alive now.A.had received B.received C.should receive D.were receiving60.He would have finished his college education,but he _to quit and find a job to support his family.A.had had B.has C.had D.would have,A,200852.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam,she _ much better results now.A.would be getting B.could have gotC.must get D.would get,
