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1、PaSSaHe1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthecheapandcheerfulpro
2、ductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker;Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivotaltotheexpressionof
3、designstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegritorindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskinzacriticoftheIndustrialAge,andamanwhofeltthatsociety
4、shouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartists,architects,anddesi
5、gnerswereattractedtoRuskin,sphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,swork.Pre-Raphealit
6、eBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24,andcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergraduation,MorrisandBurn
7、e-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainter;eventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisnewwife(Rossettism
8、useandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedontheknowledgeandex
9、perienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorrisscase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulobjectsforthehome.
10、ThecraftsmenwereQ囱BIIELTSADVANTAGEencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,whiletheeventualownerwouldconside
11、rtheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair).ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorrissworkverysuccessfulandsoughtafter.Hisorganizationalinno
12、vationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorrissinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowthebookpublishingindustryhadbeennega
13、tivelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,beganthedesignofhisfirstfont,Goldenzwhi
14、chwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrityintheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheStoryOfGIitteringPlain,whichheillustra
15、ted,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefullydeterminedtocreateacohesivewhole.Th
16、epressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fonts,andpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however;asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechanicalprocess.Heconsidered,redesigned
17、,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredarevivalofbookdesignontwocontinents.Inaddition,MorrisinspiredareinterpretationofdesignanddesignpracticewithhissteadfastcommitmenttoRuskinspr
18、inciples.FuturegenerationsofdesignersheldtoMorrissgoalsofmaterialintegritystrivingforbeautifulutilitarianobjectdesignandcarefullyconsideredfunctionality.Source:https:OPenteXtbC.caqraDhicdesiqnChClPteirchapter-2Q囱Questions1-5Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDORNUMBERfromthepassageforeach
19、answer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.WilliamMorrissoughttoreversethenegativeimpacthebelievedthat1._hadhadonthepublishingindustrybycreatinghisownpublishingcompanyin1888,andoneofhisfirstactswastocreatea2._calledGolden.HeusedGoldenforthetypeinhisown3._,whichwaspublishedbyhispress.Allofthe
20、bookspublishedbythepresswereinspiredbybooksfromthe4._period.Themachinery,paperanddesignswereallcreatedaccordingtoahighstandardofaestheticbeauty.Intotal,duringits8-yearexistencethepressproducedmorethan5._books.Afteryouvetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions6-10Completeea
21、chsentenceWiththecorrectendingA-Gfromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes6-10onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.6. JohnRuskinbelievedthatartandworkshouldbe.7. RuskinlikedItalianartbecauseofits.8. AfterWilliamMorrisleftuniversity,he.9. TheworkersatMorris&Co.hadtolearnabout.10. Morrisd
22、esignedafontwhichwas.A. workedinvariousjobs.B. joinedtogethertoimprovesociety.C. derivedfromtheworkofsomeoneelse.D. interiordesign.E. immediatelybecameapoet.Eartanddesign,aswellashowtomanufacturetheproducts.G. simplerepresentationofnature.Afteryouvetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowin
23、gvideo.Q囱Questions11-14Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.11. Morrisfoundedanartisticmovementinreactiontothe-,whichhefeltwaschaotic.12. Duetoitsdirectandsimplerepresentationofnature,Ruskinthoughthighlyofthe_style.13. Morris/careerasa_endedquickly.14. Aswellaspr
24、intingandbindinghisfirstbookattheKelmscottPress,Morrisalso_it.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.PaSSaHe2TheOriginsofPaleoanthropologyA.Paleoanthropology,asubdisciplineofanthropology,isthestudyofextinctprimates.Whilethemajorityofresearchersdoingthiskindofworkareanth
25、ropologists,paleontologists(withinthedisciplineofgeology)mayalsostudyfossilprimates.Theprimarymethodusedbypaleoanthropologistsistheanalysisoffossilremains.However;theyincreasinglyrelyonotherscientificdisciplinestogainabetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentalforcesthatplayedaroleinourevolution,aswellast
26、heformationofthefossilrecord.Forexample,geologistsidentifyprocessesofsedimentationandfossilization,anddatefossilsandtheirassociatedsedimentsusingavarietyoftechniques.Avarietyofdisciplinesareinvolvedinhelpingtoreconstructancientenvironmentsandbiologicalcommunities.Paleontologistsidentifyancientfloral
27、andfaunalfossils.Palynologistsanalyzeparticlesinoceanandlakecores,aswellaspolleninterrestrialsedimentstodeterminethepredominantflorainagivenareaataparticulartime.Taphonomistshelpdeterminehowfossilassemblageswereformed.B. Inthe1920s,RaymondDartproposedthatearlyhominins(bipedalprimates,likeourselves)f
28、oundinSouthAfricancaveshadinhabitedthosecaves.Inaddition,heinterpretedpuncturewoundsfoundinsomeoftheskullsasevidencethatthosehomininsmadeandusedweaponsforhuntingandmale-maleaggression.ThetaphonomistC.K.Brainarguedinmorerecenttimesthateitherhomininsfellthroughcracksintosubterraneancavesafterhavingbee
29、ncachedintreesbyleopards,ortheirbonesweredraggedinbyrodents,suchasporcupines,forgnawing.Wenowrealizethatwhilethoseearlymembersofourtribelikelyusedsimpletools,theywerenotbig-gamehuntersorwarmongers.C. Themostinfluentialfieldstohavecontributedtothescienceofpaleoanthropologyaregeology,biologandarchaeol
30、ogy.Geologists(eventhosewhowerenotrecognizedassuch,e.g.,CharlesDarwin)areprimarilyresponsiblefortherealizationsthat(1)theearthisancient,anditformedvianaturalprocesses;(2)theearthwasoriginallycoveredwithwater;andlifebeganinthat“primordialsea”;(3)lifeonearthoriginatedwithsimpleformszwithsomedescendent
31、speciesbecomingmorecomplexovertime,ascanbeseeninthefossilrecord;(4)specieschangeorgoextinctinresponsetoenvironmentalchange;(5)newspeciesaretheresultofaportionofapopulationadaptingtoneworchangedenvironmentalconditions;(6)thesameforces,suchasvolcaniceruptions,thatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearth
32、andcausedchangesinthefossilrecordviaextinctionsandspeciationevents;and(7)layersanddepositsarecontinuallydevelopingorerodingsothatorganismsareburiedandfossilscometolight,respectively.Theideathatthesameforcesthatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordistermeduniformitar
33、ianism.CharlesLyellcoinedthetermandisheraldedasthefatherofmoderngeology.HegreatlyinfluencedDarwinandthuscontributedtoDarwin,ssyntheticviewoftheevolutionoflifeonearth.Geologistsusevariousmethodstodatefossilsorfossil-containingsedimentsandhavedevelopedachronology(i.e.,atimeline)fortheearthasawhole,asw
34、ellasdepositionallayersinareaswherefossilshavebeendiscovered.D. Biologistsandgeneticistshaveplayedaroleinpalaeoanthropologyinthattheyhaverefinedthetheoryofevolutionbymeansofnaturalselectionbydetermininghowtraitsareinherited.Scientistsfromavarietyofdisciplineshaveclassifiedtheknownspeciesoftheworldba
35、sedonevolutionaryrelationships.E. Archaeologyhasplayedandcontinuestoplayastrongroleinpaleoanthropologyviathestudyofthearchaeologicalrecord,thatis,therecordofpasthumanactivityviaculturalremainsandanthropogenic(human-induced)changestotheenvironment.ThomasJeffersonhasbeenreferredtoasthefirstarchaeologi
36、st,inthathismethodsweremorescientificthanhisfellowantiquarians.Antiquarianstendedtobeafterthe“goods,“withoutregardforcarefulinterpretationofthearchaeologicalrecord.Mostwouldbeconsideredlootersbytodaysstandards.Theytookitemsofgreatculturalandhistoricalsignificanceforpersonalormuseumcollections.Someit
37、emshavebeenreturnedtotheircountriesoforigin,butthedamageisdonewhenthearchaeologicalrecordisdisturbedordestroyed.Onceanitemhasbeenremovedfromtheareawhereitwasfound,scientistscannolongerlearnfromitscontext,forexample,fromassociatedartifactsorthelocationoftheartifactingeographicspaceandtime.FAccordingt
38、oMerriam-WebsterOnline,thefirstknownuseofthetermpaleoanthropologyoccurredin1916.However;theearliestpaleoanthropologistswerenotlabeledassuchandcamefromavarietyofoccupations,suchasanatomistsandphysicians.Thefirsthomininfossilsdiscoveredweretheneanderthalsinthe1800s.However;paleoanthropologistsdisagree
39、daboutwhetherneanderthalswereancestorsofhumansorweremodernhumans.EugeneDuboiswasthefirstpersontointentionallysearchforafossilhominin.HewenttoAsiawiththesolepurposeoffindingevidencethathumansevolvedthere,aswasthereigningbeliefinWesternEurope.In1891zhediscoveredaskullcap(knownasacalotte)andfemurontheS
40、oloRiverinTrinilzJava.This,alongwithotherdiscoveriesmadeinChinaandJavaduringthefirsthalfofthe2Othcentury,supportedtheAsianorigintheoryuntilRaymondDartandhiscontemporary,RobertBroomzbegandiscoveringmuchmoreancientmaterialinSouthAfricanquarriesandcaves.FurtherdiscoveriesbyLouisandMaryLeakeyinEastAfric
41、acementedAfricaasthebirthplaceofhumanity,andtheracetofindhumanoriginsandancestorswason.Source:httas:/milneDublishinq.cieneseo.edu/the-hi5tory-of-our-tribe-hominini/ChcIDter/Daleoanthroaolociy/Questions15-19Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-F.ChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Arch
42、aeologistsversusantiquariansii. Earlyfossildiscoveriesiii. Environmentalchangesiv. Overviewofthesubjecty/.Thediscoveriesofgeologyvi. Thehumanstoryvii. Theinfluenceofpaleoanthropologyviii. Theroleofevolutionarystudiesi.TwoviewsonhowfossilscametobeincavesE.g.SectionA-iv15. SectionB16. SectionC17. Sect
43、ionD18. SectionE19. SectionFAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions20-23ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-23onyouranswersheet.20. ThemaintechniqueemployedbypaleoanthropologistsisA. thestudyofancientrocks.B. theexaminationoffossils.C.
44、 theanalysisOfenvironmentalforces.D. thereconstructionOfancientenvironments.21. ApossiblereasonforfossilsbeingfoundinSouthAfricancavesisthatA. primateslivedinthecaves.B. thebonesofprimatesfellintothecavesthroughcracksintheirceilings.IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest2C. thecaveswereused
45、byleopardstosleepin.D. earlyhumansweredraggedintothecavesbyrats.22. OneoftheinsightsofgeologyisthatA. lifeonearthstartedinextremelydryconditions.B. theextinctionofcertainanimalsisduetopollution.C. volcanoeshavedestroyedmanyfossils.D. theearthisextremelyold.23. AntiquariansA. oftenusedscientifictechn
46、iquesfirstintroducedbyThomasJefferson.B. wouldfrequentlystealimportantobjectsinordertoputtheminmuseums.C. destroyedobjectsinordertopreventscientistsfromdiscoveringthem.D. carefullyinterpretedthearchaeologicalrecord.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions24-27Lo
47、okattheinformationbelow(Questions24-27)andtheIistofpeoplebelow.MatcheachpieceofinformationwiththecorrectpersonA-H.AnswersA-Hcanbeusedmorethanonce.24. Thoughtthathomininsdidntinhabitcaves.25. Originatedthepracticeoflookingforhomininfossils.26. WasinspiredbytheworkofLyell.27. Madediscoveriesthatsuppor
48、tedtheviewthatthebirthplaceofhumanitywasAsia.ListofpeopleA. RaymondDartB. C.K.BrainC. CharlesDarwinD. CharlesLyellE. ThomasJeffersonEEugeneDuboisG. RobertBroomH. LouisandMaryLeakeyAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.PaSSaHe3TheGreatPyramidofGizaTheGreatPyramidofGiza(
49、alsoknownasthePyramidofKhufuorthePyramidofCheops)istheoldestandlargestofthethreepyramidsintheGizapyramidcomplexborderingpresent-dayGizainGreaterCairo,Egypt.ItistheoldestoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonetoremainlargelyintact.Basedonamarkinaninteriorchambernamingtheworkgangandareferencet
