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1、定语从句一（关系代词的用法）一.定语从句概念1 .定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2 .先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。3 .关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词。关系词有关系:有,等;关系：有,等。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中充当一个成分。注意：限据先行词与定语从句之间有无逗号隔开，定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明删除后意思仍完整译法翻译成先行词的定语，“的通常翻译成主句的并列句限
2、制性定语从句举例：(1) TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatICoulddependon.(2) Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.非限制性定语从句举例：(1) Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.(2) China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1) Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogo
3、tocollege.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)二.引导定语从句的关系代词1.Who指,在从句中充当(1) TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2) YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.(3) InthemeetingIsawMr.SmithwhoImetinmybirthdayparty.2. w
4、hom指,在定语从句中充当,常可省略。(1) Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(2) Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意：关系代词WhOm在口语和非正式语体中常用WhO代替，可省略。(3) Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3. which指,在定语从句中做或者,做时可省略(1) Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(2) Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4. that指人时
5、，相当于或者；指物时，相当于。在定语从句中做或者，做时可省略。(5) Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(6) Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做(1) Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2) Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.WhOSe指物时，常用以下构造来代替(3) Theclassroomwhosedoorisbro
6、kenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroom,thedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroom,ofwhichthedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.【详细讲解】I.关系代词that和which的用法(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况：1 .领先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外)，few,all,none,little,some等不定代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,muc
7、h等修饰时(1) HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2) Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3) Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4) ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2 .领先行词被序数词修饰(1) ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3 .领先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4 .
8、当形容词被thevery,theonly,just修饰时(1) ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2) Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.5 .领先行词前面有WhO,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.领先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned
9、?(二)领先行词指事/物时，定语从句中关系代词必须用WhiCh的情况：1 .在非限制性定语从句中，只用WhiCh(1) Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,whichmadetheothersenvyhim.(2) Healwaysstaysathomeatweekend,whichhisbrotherthinksisunbelievable.2 .当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用WhiCh(1) ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把
10、介词置于关系代词之前。(2) Thisisthepenwhich(that)mlookingfor.(三)关系代词who,whom和whose的用法1.先行词指人，在从句中作主语时，用Wh0；1 1)Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.2 .领先行词为those时，用who；3 2)Thosewhowilljoininmybirthdaypartyaremybestfriends.3.在Therebe句型中主语作为先行词指人时，用who；4 3)Thereisagreatmanwhosavedhiscountrywithhispartners.5 .先行词指人，
11、在从句中作宾语时，可以用Whom和Who；Thatsthegirlwhom/who/thatIteach.6 .在定语从句中做定语时，用WhoSeo(5) Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.(6) Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.11.关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(一)引导限制性定语从句常用于以下句式：1. such+名词+as.像一样的，像之类的thesame+名词+as.和同样的其中关系
12、代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。(1) Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(2) Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.(3) Heisnotthesamemanashewastenyearsago.注意：SUChas引导的定语从句与SUChthat引导的状语从句的区别：(1) Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.(2) Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.(3) .suchas.SUCh为代
13、词，意为“这样的人或物；as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。(1) ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.(二)关系代词as和WhiCh引导的定语从句的区别as和WhiCh引导非限制性定语从句，有一样之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as和WhiCh都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2) Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；as有“正如，正像的意思WhiCh引导的非限制性定语从
14、句只能放在主句之后。意为“这一点。(1) Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.(2) Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.(3) John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(4) HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon,tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用WhiCh；(5) Tornwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.当非限制性定语从句的宾语是
15、一个复合构造时，只能用WhiCho(6) Bettyalwaystellsalie,whichherparentsfindstrange.3.领先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用as(1) Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.(2) Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.(3) ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：领先行次由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用Ihat引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary,swedd
16、ing.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。专项练习1用that,which,who,whom,whose,as填空1. Isthereanythingyoudon,tunderstandabouttheproblem?2. Allthepresentsyourfriendsgaveyouonyourbirthdayshouldbeputaway.3. Thenumberofpeoplelosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.4. Hewaslatefor
17、theopeningceremony,wasverysurprisingtome.5. Thosecutdownthetreesshouldbepunished.6. Thisissointerestingabookwealllike.7. HegavemesomenovelswithIamnotveryfamiliar.8. Therearemanychildrenareplayingtoysontheplayground.9. Heisnolongertheoneheusedtobe.10. Theriverbanksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.11.
18、 Jackhaswonthefirstprize,oftenhappens.12. Theworstmattermafraidofhappenedintheend.13. Hefailedtomakehisplanontime,whichwasstrangeforhisboss.14. ThisistheverybookIhavebeenlookingfor.15. Thisteacher,withsonIwork,islikedbyallthestudents.仿写练习组句：将下面句子连成一句话。1. Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.2. Thegirli
19、sMary.Wesawheryesterday.3. Shewastalkingwithalady.Hersonwasill.4. Theclotheshavebeencleaned.mwearingthem.5. Heissittinginachair.Itisbroken.强化训练把以下中文用定语从句翻译成英文。1 他在中国参观的第一个博物馆是历史博物馆。2 .你有任何关于这个主题的信息都发给我吧。3 .不到长城非好汉。4 .那条两边都是树的河一直流向海洋。5 .妈妈给我买了台电脑作为生日礼物,这正是我所渴望的。6 .掌握一门外语很有用，这是大家公认的。定语从句二(介词+关系代词的用法)关
20、系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.(2) Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(3) TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.(4) TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.(5) We,llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveOftental
21、kedabout.(6) We,11gotohearthefmoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：IoOkfor,lookafter,takecareOf等(1) Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)(2) ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)2 .假设介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用WhOm,不可用WhO或者that；指物时用which,不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose.(1) Themanwithwhomyo
22、utalkedismyfriend.(T)(2) Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F)(3) TheplaneinwhichWeflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)(4) TheplaneinthatWeflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)(5) Tom,onwhosebikeIwenttoschoolisafriendofmine.(T)3 .“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1) Helo
23、vedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2) Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3) Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.4,“复合介词短语关系代词WhiCh引导的定语从句，这种构造引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开,定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.总结：判断介词的方法有以下
24、三种：(1)看从句谓语局部缺少什么介词(习惯搭配)(2)先行词放在从句中需不需要添介词(3)通过整个句子整体含义来判断专项练习2用介词+关系代词填空1. Theyheldameeting,thehospitaldirectormadeaspeech.2. Thebook,hepaid6yuan,isworthreading.3. IsthisthemanhousethepolicefoundthelostcolouredTV?4. WuDong,Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.5. ThestoriesaboutLongMarch,thisisoneex
25、ample,arewellwritten.单项选择6. Doyouknowwholivesinthebuildingthereisawell?A.infrontofitB.infrontofwhoseC.infrontofwhichD.infrontwhich7. Thewomanmybrotherspokejustnowismyteacher.A.whoB.towhomC.towhoD.whom8. Hisglasses,hewaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.A.whichB.withwhichC.withoutwhichD.that9.1 h
26、aveboughttwoballpens,writeswell.A.noneofwhichB.neitherofwhichC.noneofthemD.neitherofthem10. TheSecondWorldWarmillionsofpeoplewerekilledwasin1945.A.duringwhichB.inthatC.whereD.onwhich11. RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose12.
27、Thedictionary,Ipaid80dollars,wasstolen.A.whichB.thatC.forwhichD.towhich13. GrandmaLianghastwosons,aresoldiers.A.twoofwhomB.whomC.bothofwhomD.oneofthem14. Hearrivedhalfanhourlate,madeuseunhappy.A.thatB.asC.whatD.which15. Jane,sistersarefamousmodelsintheworld,willattendtheimportantceremony.A.withwhoB.
28、withwhichC.withwhomD.withwhose仿写练习用介词+关系代词的形式把以下句子翻译成英文。1.Jim是我的外教，从他身上我学到了很多有用的东西。2 .我喜欢窗子朝南的房子。3 .他给了我几本我不太熟悉的歌曲。4 .中国有许多大河流，其中长江和黄河是最重要的河流。5,他有两个兄弟，没有一个是教师。综合强化训练1. Itisbynomeansclearthepresidentcandotoendthestrike.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.as2. IwishtothankProfessorSmith,withouthelpIwouldneverhavegott
29、hisfar.A.whoB.whoseC.whomD.that3. Mariahaswrittentwonovels,bothofhavebeenmadeintotelevisionseries.A.themB.thatC.whichD.as4. Theairqualityinthecity,isshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.A.thatB.itC.asD.what5. Mrs.LeewillmoveintothenewhousenextMonday,itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.bywhichti
30、meB.bythattimeC.bythistimeD.bythetime6. Heissuchalovelystudenteveryoneloves.A.asB.whoC.thatD.whom7. ThestudentthatteacherthinksbestplayedIrUant（逃学）yesterday,madetheteacherverydisappointed.A.asB.thatC.whichD.who8. Haveyouseenthebookisyellow?A.thecoverofitB.whichcoverC.thecoverofwhichD.which,scover9.i
31、sknowntousallthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.A.AsB.WhichC.ThatD.It10. Ellenwaspainterofbirdsandofnature,forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.A.whichB.whoC.thatD.whom11. Careofthesoulisagradualprocesseventhesmalldetailsoflifeshouldbeconsidered.A.thatB.inthatC.whichD.inwhich12. Alo
32、toflanguagelearning,hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.A.asB.itC.whichD.this13. Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,heoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.what14. Inourclassthereare46students,halfwereglasses.A.i
33、nwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem15. Haveyousentthank-younotestotherelativesfromyoureceivedgifts?A.whichB.themC.thatD.whom16. Theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagination.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose17. TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.t
34、hatC.whichD.whose18. Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesarebuiltclosetoeachother.A.theyB.thatC.asD.inwhich19. Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhich20.Childrenwhoarenotactiveordietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.A.w
35、hatB.whichC.thatD.whose21. Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyoflefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.A.whomB.whichC.thoseD.them22.vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.where23. GuncontrolisasubjectAmericanshavearguedforalongtime.A.ofwhichB.withwhichC.aboutwhichD.intowhich24.ThehouseIgrewuphasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.A.initB.inC.inthatD.inwhich25. Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.thehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.thehandsofwhich
