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1、（非谓语动词的语法功能） 陈老师,语法非谓语动词,什么是非谓语动词？,非谓语动词，就是不能充当谓语的动词，它没有人称和数的变化，但是有时态和语态的变化。在英语中,英语句法需遵循一个总原则：一个句子有且仅有一个谓语。当一个句子必须要出现两个或两个以上动词才能完整表达一个意思时，为了不违反总原则，英语里有四种处理方式：(1)切分转化为两个或多个句子。eg. She is a girl. She likes singing. 她是一个喜欢唱歌的女孩子。(2)将其中一个谓语动词结构保留作为主句，其余谓语动词结构更改为从句。eg. She is the girl who likes singing. (
2、定语从句) While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. （状语从句）(3) 添加and，but，or 等连词将句子变为并列结构。eg. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.(4)将其中一个含谓语的结构变成非谓语动词结构。eg. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.,非谓语动词的用法：除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。,非谓语,不定式（to do),分词,动名词(-ing),过去分词(-e
3、d),现在分词(-ing),- ing 分词,-ed 分词,非谓语动词的语法功能,语法功能 作主语,1、不定式作主语表示一次性的、具体的动作。 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：To swim with you was very enjoyable. It is + adj.+ (for / of sb. ) to do sth. 如：Its important for us to learn English well. Its kind of you to help us.用“of”还是“for”，怎样区分：当形容词修饰逻辑主语本身时用of，当修饰真正的主语(不定式)的时候用f
4、or.2、动名词作主语常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk分析：a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选B。注意：下面两个句型是用动名词：Its no good / use doing sth. / Its useless doing sth.,语法功能 作宾语 1.只能接-ing 作宾语的动词,喜欢忙着想象, 忍不住想要结束练习enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事；be bus
5、y doing sth.忙于做；imagine sb. doing sth.想象做某事cant help doing sth.忍不住做某事；feel like doing sth.想要做某事；finish doing sth.完成做某事；practice doing sth.练习做某事,错过保持介意, 建议值得考虑miss doing sth.错过做某事； keep (on) doing sth.保持（继续）做某事；mind doing sth. 介意做某事suggest doing sth.建议做某事；be worth doing sth.值得做某事； consider doing sth.
6、考虑做某事,2.只能接to do 作宾语的动词,决定想做需要计划，同意能做被用来做的事decide to do sth.决定做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做某事；need to do sth. 需要做某事；plan to do sth.计划做某事；agree to do sth.同意做某事；afford to do 能做某事； be used to do 被用来做迫不及待下决心, 做过去常常未能做的事cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事；make up ones mind to do 下决心做某事used to do 过去常常做某事；fail t
7、o do 未能做某事,接不定式作宾语补足语的动词,请求与命令ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事； tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事想要期待邀请，建议鼓励want sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事； expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事；invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事； advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事,答应警告,允许提醒和帮助promise sb. to do 答应某人做某事；warn sb. not to do sth.警告某人别做某事allow sb. to do s
8、th.允许某人做某事；remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事,语法功能 作宾语补足语,encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事,1、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语时，常和表示感觉和心理状态的动词see，notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel，find (三看，两听，感觉，发现）等动词后与一个名词（代词）构成复合宾语。Dont you see a girl running towards us?I heard her coughing as I passed he
9、r room last night.When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud. I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed.2、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语通常放在表示“致使”等意义的词(catch, keep, get, have, leave, set等）的宾语后。（make除外） If a person was caught stealing salt, he would be thrown into pri
10、son. Please dont keep the machine running while you are away. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. Dont leave those things undone.,根据汉语选择正确的答案,1 We heard her singing next door. （我们听到她在隔壁唱歌。）2 We often heard her sing next door. （我们常常听到她在隔壁唱歌。）3 We heard the song sung by her next door. （在隔壁我们听见这首歌被她唱过。）4
11、 We heard the song being sung next door. （我们听见在隔壁有人正唱这首歌。）,to sing , singing, sing, sung, being sung,语法功能 作表语,1、不定式、动名词作表语，表示主语的内容。如：My job is teaching / to teach English. (其中teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)另外，在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove/ turn out (被证明是)，remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。如：He
12、seemed (to be ) very happy. 2、分词作表语一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征，过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)，surprising (令人吃惊的)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊的类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)，disappoint (失望)，move（感动），如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.,语法功能 作定语,不定式、动名词和分词都可以作
13、定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。（1）不定式作定语与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作。不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系, 有的是动宾关系。主谓关系(1) Wemustfindapersontodothework.(2)Thereisnoonetotakecareofher.(3)Inmyfamily, mymotherisalwaysthefirstonetogetup.动宾关系如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是不及物动词的，
14、要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。(1) Hehasalotofbookstoread.(2)Iwouldlikeamagazinetolookat.(3)Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?(5)Shehasnothingtoworryabout.,（2）现在分词作定语和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修饰的名词正在承受其动作, 即与名词是“动宾关系”。例如：1)Please tell the children playing outside not to make
15、so much noise. （=who are playing)2)They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.3) The building being built (= which is being built) will be completed next year. 补充：现在分词的被动式可根据英语被动语态推出将被动语态“be+过去分词”中的be动词改为现在分词being即可，即改为“being+过去分词”，如：being taken, being given, being found, being studied等。,（
16、3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。Some of the experiments _C_ in the book are easy to perform. describing B. to be described C. described D. to describe 2) It is said that Beijing University was the first institute of higher learning_ _A_ in China.A. established B. being establishedC
17、. to be established D.having been established,注意：分词作定语与不定式作定语的区别现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示即将发生的动作。例如：The question discussed (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.The question being discussed (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.The question to be discussed (d
18、iscuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.,语法功能 作状语,能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词, 作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen.(表结果)Tomakehimselfheard,heraisedhisvoice. (表目的) Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress. (表原因)注意：不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语，在句末多作原因状语，结果状语。,
19、2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （条件状语） 2).Comingintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry.（时间状语）3). Beingtired,theywentonworking. （让步状语） 4). Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,the littleboybegantocry.（原因状语）5).Heputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherplea
20、sed. （伴随状语）,3、现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果。1). European football is played in 80 countries , _A_ it the most popular sport in the world . A. making B. makes C. make D. to make2). He hurried to the station only _ A _ that the train had left . A. to
21、find B. finding C. found D. to have found,4、分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，且逻辑主语是名词时，要用名词所有格s形式，如果是代词，要用代词所有格形式, 分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。也可以变成状语从句。1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 【F】2) His being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 【T】3) As he was an orphan, t
22、he nurse treated him kindly. 【T】逻辑主语同句子的主语一致情况：Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. Being a League member, he is always helping others.,5. 独立主格结构：名词/代词分词。独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句，例如：1. Weather permi
23、tting, well go outing tomorrow.2. All things considered, the plan should be put off.3. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.As there was nobody, he had to go alone.There being nobody, he had to go alone.If time permits, I will go to see you.Time permitting, I will go to see you.As th
24、e work had been finished, he went to bed.The work finished, he went to bed.,不定式(to do),动名词和现在分词(v.ing),过去分词(done),非谓语动词三种形式的时态和语态,每种形式不同时态结构的含义：,不定式：1）一般式（to do/to be done）：表目的和将来, 不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后 。例如：To pass the exam, he worked hard at his lessons.为了能通过考试，他刻苦读书。 We plan to pay a visit.我们计划拜访。(“拜访“发生
25、在谓语动作“计划“之后）Hewantedthelettertobetyped atonce.2） 进行式（to be doing）：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩装作在努力工作。(动作work 和动作pretend 同时发生)He seems to be saying something . 3）完成式（to have done/to have been done）：不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔
26、撒谎了。(撒谎“lie”这个动作在后悔regret这个动作之前),动名词和现在分词：1）一般式（doing/being done）：表示主动，正在进行。A flying bird attracted his attention.一只飞鸟吸引了他的注意。表示主动和进行。Themeetingbeingheldnowisofgreatimportance.现在正在召开的会议很重要。2）完成式（having done/having been done）强调动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这个电影。(“看“这个动作发生在re
27、member“记得”之前)Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 李明被老师批评之后，放弃了吸烟。过去分词：表示被动和完成。There are fallen leaves here and there. 到处都是落叶。(叶子已经掉落下来了，表完成)Frightened，he ran away as quickly as possible. 受到惊吓，他飞快地跑掉了。(他被吓到了，表被动),非谓语动词解题步骤：先判断逻辑主语和非谓语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系，是主谓关系的话，就用主动形式v.ing，是动宾关系
28、的话，就用被动形式done。(2) 再判断非谓语动词和谓语动词这两个动作在时间上的先后关系。一般说来，当非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，非谓语动词原则上要用完成式。例如：Seen from the hill, the city looks really beautiful. 从山上看城市真是太美了。Given a few minutes, Ill finish it. 再给几分钟的时间，我就会完成了。Seeingthosepictures,sherememberedherchildhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。Hearing the news, they got excited. 听到这个消息，他们很激动。Being a teacher，you should help your students in every way. 作为一名老师，你应该通过各种方法帮助学生。Having finished his work yesterday，Tom went out to play basketball.昨天完成工作之后，Tom出去打篮球了。Having been taught many times, the boy understood the question at last.教了许多遍，这个男孩最后终于懂了。,Thank you！,
