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1、English Renaissance (I)(14th century-mid 17th century),Instructor: Guo Xin,Geoffrey Chaucer,Representative of Medieval English LiteratureFather of English Poetrypraise from John DrydenProphet for English Renaissance humanistOne of the early realistHe dominated literary works of his times(15th centur
2、y )Literary legacy: Edmund Spencer and William Shakespeare,Chaucers Masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales,General PrologueGathering Place: Tabard Inn in Southwark, a suburb of LondonCharacters: 32 pilgrims (representatives of various walks of life and social groups)Purpose : on their way to the shrine o
3、f St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury Reason for telling talesthe innkeepers suggestion for telling talesone pilgrim tells two story on the way to Canterbury and on the way back,Chaucers Literary Contribution,He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types: octosyllabic couplet,
4、 heroic couplet (the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter)He laid the foundation for the later development of other literary genresHe first wrote in English language: Middle English. He made the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.,1.English History (1400),The War of Roses(1455-
5、1485)Self-Destruction of NobilityThe reign of TudorsHenry VIIs reignHenry VIIIs reignEdward VIs reignQueen Marys reignQueen Elizabeths reign,House of York,House of Tudor,House of Lancaster,2.Intellectual Background: 2.1 Renaissance,Time Span: the 14th mid-17th centuriesPlace: Italy (painting, sculpt
6、ure & literature) the rest of EuropeMeaning: rebirth or revivalFeatures:Thirsting Curiosity for the Classical Literature: Dissatisfaction with the Catholic & Feudal IdeasKeen Interest in the Activities of Humanity,2.1 Renaissance:,Attempts of European humanist thinkers and scholarsGetting rid of Cat
7、holic & Feudal ideas in medieval EuropeIntroducing new bourgeoisie ideas Keynote of Renaissance: Humanism Restoration of reverence for antique authors in Greek & Roman civilization man is the measure of all things.(人是万物的尺度),Against & For,Against Catholic & Feudalist Ideas: Individuals: subordination
8、 to feudalist rule without freedomEmphasis on afterlife For New Bourgeoisie IdeasHuman beings: glorious creatures capable of self-development & personal perfectionEmphasis on earthly life: enjoy the beauty of this life rather than the after life,2.2 English Humanism,Beginning: Dutch Scholar Desidus
9、Erasmus teaching in EnglandOxford Reformers: Introduction of the classical literature to England and Education Reformation,2.2 English Language,The Authorized Version: King James Bible:Time: 1611Influence:Religious Reformation: Break from Roman InfluenceLatin VersionConfirmation of the standard mode
10、rn EnglishStyle of Biblical English: simple and dignified language,2.2 English Language,Introduction of Printing into EnglandWilliam Caxton: the first English printer & influential translatorLasting Influence on the Development of English Culture:Introduction of foreign literature into England: infl
11、uence on the style of English literatureFaster Spread of English Literary WorksTranslated Works: Origin for Later Writers Works,3.1 Religious Reformation,European Reformation: recovery of purity of early church Martin Luther: every true Christian was his own priest and was entitled to interpret the
12、Bible for himselfEnglish Reformation: Historical BackgroundHenry VIIIs personal need: a legitimate heir & his six marriagesEnglish peoples need: dissatisfaction with the churchs corruption & inspiration by European reformers,Henry VIII & his Marriages,Catherine of Aragon,Bloody Mary,Anne Boleyn,Quee
13、n Elizabeth,Jane Seymour,Edward VI,3.2 English Religious Reformation,Full DevelopmentHenry VIII claimed himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534The Bible in English was used in every church & services were held in EnglishEdwards further religious reform Aftermath:Retrogression: B
14、loody Marys restoration of CatholicismCounter-ReformationElizabeths compromise between Catholicism & Protestantism,4. Economic & Diplomatic Background,Enclosure Movement: transformation of arable land into pastureEconomic Expansion:Encouragement from Queen Elizabeth: explorationFrancis Drake & John
15、HawkinsAnglo-Spanish War (1585): Rivalry with Spain in Commercial ExpansionRout of Spanish Armanda,Elizabethan Poetry,goals of humanistic poetry: skillful handling of conventions, force of language & development of a rhetorical planfamous poets：pastoral convention: Edmund Spenser & Christopher Marlo
16、wepoetry & poetic drama: Shakespeare & Ben Jonson,Literary Terms About Poetry,Sonnet（十四行诗）：14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymedPetrarchan（彼特拉克的） : octet(8行)+ sestet(6行)Shakespearian（莎士比亚的） : 3 quatrains （四行诗） + couplet(双行体）Blank verse （无韵体诗）: unrhymed iambic pentameter Closest to the nat
17、ural rhythms of English speech,Iambic Pentameter,Iamb （抑扬格）： a metrical unit of verse, having one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. e.g.: beyond bijnd Pentameter（五步）: a metrical verse line having five main stresses, traditionally described as a line of five feet.e.g.: If win/ter
18、 comes/, can Spring /be far /behind? if win/t kms /kn spri/ bi f:/ bihaind,I. Edmund Spenser,Literary Importance:the Poets poet , a model of poetical art. the first master of English verseThe language used since the publication of his work The Shepherds Calendar is called modern English.Master music
19、ian & painter in his allegorical masterpiece The Faerie Queene,Spensers Literary Works,The Shepherds Calendar(牧人笔记): It is a pastoral poem of 12 eclogues which was written in different metres and love is the dominant theme. Its publication marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the Northern
20、 island of England.The Faerie Queene(仙后): dedication poem献诗 The dominating thoughts of it: nationalism, humanism and Puritanism The Spenserian stanza（斯宾塞体）: a verse form consisting of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of 6 iambic feet with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.,Spensers Master
21、piece:The Faerie Queene,Theme: “to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline” Spenser 12 virtues in 12 booksStructure：each hero representing each virtue in each bookTwo unifying elements:Arthur: appearing in every book embodiment of 12 virtuesthe Fairy QueenGloriana,Main
22、Qualities of Spencers Poetry,a perfect melodya rare sense of beautya splendid imaginationa lofty moral purity & seriousnessa dedicated idealismstrange forms of speech & obsolete words to increase the rustic effect,2. Francis Bacon,The first important English essayistThe founder of modern science, wh
23、ose writings paved the way for the use of scientific method,Bacons Literary Works,hilosophical works: The Advancement of Learning(论学问的进步); Novum Organum (新工具)literary works: Essays (培根论说文集）professional works: Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses,Baconian Scientific Method,Aristotelia
24、n method: the deductive method (演绎法) proceeding from the general to the specificBaconian methods: the inductive method (归纳法) proceeding from the specific to the generalImportance for this new method: the new empirical (以实验为依据的）attitudes towards truth,Essays,Three Editions: 159716121625 （10-38-58）Con
25、tent: peoples relationship with the world, themselves & GodFeature: revelation of the mode of thought of the ruling class in his day & guidance for Elizabethan and Jacobean youth Style: brevity, compactness & powerfulnessfull of Biblical allusions, metaphor & cadence,Elizabethan Drama,real mainstrea
26、m of the English RenaissanceReason for Dramas Full development:Preparation: Miracle Play, Morality Play, Interlude & Classical DramaAudience: Large Demand by Londoners & Tolerant Attitude Towards InnovationsIncreasing National Sense: English Native MaterialsChroniclesInfluence of Greek & Roman Class
27、ics: Important Rules in Structure & Style；Clear Conception About Comedy & Tragedy Playwrights: University Wits,3. Christopher Marlowe,Life ExperienceMarlowe was born in a shoemakers family in 1564.With the help of scholarship, he went to Cambridge.In Cambridge, he wrote Tamburlaine, which was a grea
28、t success in the stage.He came to London in 1584 and was greatly influenced by the thought of Renaissance,5.Fascinated by the life in London, Marlowe became an actor and led a tempestuous life in the following six years.6. On May 30,1593 Marlowe was killed in a quarrel over a tavern bill. He was onl
29、y 29 years old when he was dead. Marlowe was regarded as the most gifted of the “University Wits” His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatistWilliam Shakespeare.,The University Wits （大学才子）,It was a group of Elizabethan playwrights and pamphleteers who once studied at the
30、universities of Oxford or Cambridge. Later they set up as professional writers, selling their learning and their wits to the London public of playgoers and to the public as well. The most important figures include Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Lodge.,Marlowes L
31、iterary Career,Marlowe wrote six plays in his short life1.Tamburlaine (power)帖木儿大帝）2.Dr. Faustus ( knowledge)浮士德博士的悲剧3.The Jew of Malta (money)马耳他的犹太人,non-dramatic poetryThe Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人,Tamburlaine,A tragic play of an ambitious and pitiless Tartar conqueror in 14th centu
32、ry who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king.Theme（主题）：supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authorityThe final fall of Tamburlaine also expresses Marlowes consciousness of limitations of human beings.,Tamburlaines Words,“我用铁链把命运紧紧地抓牢，用我的手在指挥人生的变迁，在太阳从天体中坠落之前，我帖木
33、儿绝不会被征服或受伤害。”“鞭笞控制那些奴隶们，用你父亲的手引领你战车的方向。”,Dr. Faustus,A play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragedy as a result of his bargain with the devilTheme: humanistic ideaHuman passion for knowledge, power & happinessMans frustration in realizing the h
34、igh aspiration s in a hostile moral order,Dr. Faustus Plot,Dr. Faustuss confinement in his study,Dr. Faustus Words,我们那功能繁多的灵魂能够理解地球的奇妙结构，丈量每一颗在太空中遨游的星球的轨迹；它总在追求无限的知识就像永不宁静的天体一样在运动。灵魂激励着我们永不停止、奋勇向前，直到我们获得最好的成果,Dr. Faustuss use of black magic,Mephistophilis,Sign a bond:Faustus soul=24years service of
35、Mephistophilis,Dr. Faustus Words,I charge thee wait upon me whilst I leave To do whatever Faustus shall command,Be it be make the moon drop from her sphereOr the ocean to overwhelm the world,我要你伺候我这一辈子，凡是命令你干的事你都得干，不管是要月亮从天空掉下，或是要海水淹没这世界,Mephistophilis service to Dr. Faustus,Dr. Faustuss Meeting wit
36、h Helen,Dr Faustus Words,这根可能长成巨树的枝条已中途断折，那曾在这位饱学先生的腹中成长的阿波罗的桂枝也已被焚成灰烬。The tragedy of Dr. Faustus is the typical features of humanist scholars in the Renaissance Period.,Social Significance of Marlowes Plays,Presentation of the Rising Bourgeoisie: eager curiosity for knowledge, towering pride & insa
37、tiable appetite for powerExaltation of Human Power in Contrast with Medieval Confinements for Human DevelopmentLimitation: Harmful Individualism,Marlowes Literary Achievement,Perfection of blank verseprinciple medium of English dramaIt is Marlowe who brought vitality & grandeur into the blank verse
38、with his “mighty lines”.Marlowes methods of achieving this:employment of hyperbole（夸张） as his major figure of speech.,Marlowes Literary Achievement,2. Marlowes Creation of the Renaissance hero for English dramaFeatures of this kind of hero:(1) individualistic, ambitious hard efforts to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts.,Thanks for your attention!,
