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1、专升本语法专题五,形容词和副词,一、形容词,（一）定义：用来说明或修饰名词、代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词，称为形容词。（二）句法作用：形容词在句子中主要作名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。（三）形容词在句子中的位置1、作定语时放在名词的前面，且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。a big yellow wooden wheel 一个黄色的大木轮,一、形容词,2、作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable. 这个价格听起来算是合理。3、作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。We must try our best to keep our environme
2、nt clean. 我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁。,一、形容词,4、后置的情况1）修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。Something serious has happened to him. 他发生了严重的事故。2）与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。Hes 1.8 meters tall. 他身高1.8米。The moon is about 380,000 kilometers away from the earth. 月球离地38万公里。,一、形容词,1. These oranges taste _.A. good B. wellC. to be good D. to
3、 be well【分析】系动词taste（尝起来）后要接形容词作表语。,一、形容词,2. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _.A. open B. to be openedC. to open D. opening【分析】形容词open（开着的）作宾补，表示状态。注意：不要选答案D，因为open是短暂性动词，不能表状态。,一、形容词,（四）表语形容词：有的形容词一般只作表语，如：表示健康状况的well、unwell、ill、faint；表示情感反应的glad、sorry、fond、worth、able；以a开头的afr
4、aid、alone、asleep、alive、awake、alike、ashamed等。但有的可作后置定语或补语。,一、形容词,（五）定语形容词：通常只作定语的形容词，如：起强调作用的only 唯一的、single 唯一的、certain 某一、certain 真正的、true 真正的、very 正是、live 活的、exact 准确的、present 在场的；由名词等转化而来的wooden 木制的、woolen 羊毛制的、drunken 醉的、medical、daily、weekly、electric、former 前任的、some、any、little、many；及one-eyed之类的复
5、合形容词等。This is a medical school.,一、形容词,（六）形容词作定语的后置规律：形容词作定语，一般位于所修饰的名词前，但是在下列情况下，作定语的形容词却要位于所修饰的名词之后。1、形容词短语作定语时要后置,一、形容词,_ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.A. Brave enough studentsB. Enough brave studentsC. Students brave enoughD. Students enough brave【分析】en
6、ough修饰形容词时要位于形容词之后，排除B和修饰形容词时要位于形容词之后，排除D。brave enough to是形容词短语作定语，修饰students，要置于名词students之后。,一、形容词,2、表语形容词作定语要后置All the people _ at the party were his supporters.A. present B. thankfulC. interested D. important【分析】表语形容词present（出席的、在场的）作定语，要放在所修饰的名词后。C. 形容词修饰不定代词something、anything、nothing等时，要位于后面。如
7、：Is there anything important in the paper? 报纸上有什么重要新闻吗？,一、形容词,（七）多个形容词作定语修饰名词时，其排序规律是：（限定词+程度副词+）描绘性形容词+表示大小（长短、高低）、形状、年龄（新旧）的形容词+表颜色的形容词+表国籍或产地的形容词+表物质材料的形容词+表类别或用途的形容词+名词。,一、形容词,1. John Smith, a successful businessman, has a _ car.A. large German whiteB. large white GermanC. white large GermanD. G
8、erman large white【分析】按“大小+颜色+产地”的顺序排列。,一、形容词,2. _ students are required to take part in the boat race.A. Ten strong young ChineseB. Ten Chinese strong youngC. Chinese ten young strongD. Young strong ten Chinese【分析】数词是限定词，应排在形容词前，排除C和D；又因strong是描绘性形容词，young表示年龄，Chinese表示国籍，其先后应为“描绘年龄国籍”。,一、形容词,3. The
9、 _ house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years.A. little white woodenB. little wooden whiteC. white wooden littleD. wooden white little【分析】little是限定词，应放在形容词前面，排除C和D；表示颜色的应放在表示物质材料的形容词的前面，排除B。按“大小+颜色+材料”的顺序排列。,一、形容词,注：限定词的排序：前位限定词（指量限定词all、both、half等；倍数词double、twice等；分数词one-third、two-fifths等）
10、+中位限定词（冠词；指示代词；形容词性物主代词；名词所有格）+后位限定词（序数词及last、next等；基数词及few、several等）。,一、形容词,1. The husband gave his wife _ every month in order to please her.A. all half his incomeB. his half all incomeC. half his all incomeD. all his half income【分析】all和half都是前位限定词，his是中位限定词，所以his要位于all和half之后，只有A正确。,一、形容词,2. How
11、was your recent visit to Qingdao?It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _ days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunnyC. last sunny few D. few sunny last【分析】last、few是限定词，sunny是描绘性形容词，根据“限定词+形容词”的原则，排除C和D。又根据“序数词（包括last、past、next、another等）+基数词（包括few、several等）”的原则，排除A。,一、形容词,（
12、八）-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别：-ed形容词通常说明人，意为“（某人）感到”；-ing形容词通常说明事物，意为“（某事物）令人”或“令人的（事物）”。这样成对的形容词有：interested / interesting；excited / exciting；frightened / frightening；surprised / surprising；pleased / pleasing；moved / moving；disappointed / disappointing等。,一、形容词,1. Laws that punish parents for their little chi
13、ldrens actions against the laws get parents _.A. worried B. to worriedC. worrying D. worry【分析】表示人“感到忧虑的”用-ed形容词。句意是：法律规定，行为触犯法律的儿童要由其父母接受法律的惩罚，这使得做父母的感到忧虑。,一、形容词,2. It is believed that if a book is _, it will surely _ the reader.A. interested; interestB. interesting; be interestedC. interested; be i
14、nterestingD. interesting; interest【分析】指书“令人有趣”用interesting而不interested，排除A和C。interest是动词，“使有趣”。,一、形容词,注：即使-ed形容词用以说明事物，那也是指与该事物相关的人；即使-ing形容词用以说明人，也是指此人具有该性质或特征。He told me the news in an excited voice. 他告诉了那个消息，声音很激动。The man is interesting. 这个人很有趣。另外，glad、happy、sorry、angry、thankful、proud等的主语也只能是人；而p
15、leasant、easy、difficult、important等则通常以事物或it作主语，因为它们是说明事物的。,一、形容词,Im very _ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.Mm, it does have a _ smell.A. pleasant; pleasedB. pleased; pleasedC. pleasant; pleasantD. pleased; pleasant【分析】pleased指“（人）感到高兴”，pleasant指“令人愉快的（事物）”。,二、副词,（一）定义：副词，就是修饰动
16、词、形容词、其它副词或全句，说明事情发生的时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。Its raining heavily. 雨下得很大。（副词heavily修饰谓语动词rain）Its a rather interesting job. 这是一份相当有趣的工作。（副词rather修饰形容词interesting）She speaks English very well. 她的英语说得很好。（副词very修饰副词）This is just what he said. 这正是他所说的。（副词just修饰what he said）,二、副词,（二）分类：在意义上，副词可分为时间副词、地点副词、程度副词、频
17、度副词、方式副词等。1、时间副词：today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, then, early, late, once, soon, just, tonight, long, already, yet, before, ago, later, ever since, after, whenever, first, someday, sometime, last2、地点副词：here, there, home, below, anywhere, above, outside, in, inside, out, back, up, down, away, off, fa
18、r, near, nearby, wherever, everywhere,二、副词,3、程度副词：very, too, enough, rather, quite, how, so, much, just, nearly, only, almost, hardly, as long as, even, all, a little, a bit4、频度副词：once, twice, always, usually, often, sometimes, never, seldom, ever5、方式副词：well, hard, alone, fast, together, suddenly, -
19、ly结尾的副词,二、副词,6、疑问/连接副词：how, where, when, why, whether, however7、关系副词：when, where, why, how8、其他副词：too, also, nor, so, as, on, off, either, yes, no, not, neither, maybe, perhaps, certainly,二、副词,（三）副词在句子中的位置以及作用1、作状语1）时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾，注意early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾，already、just一般放在动词的前面。We will vis
20、it the Great Wall tomorrow. 我们明天要去参观长城。They have already been to the UK twice. 他们去过英王国两次。Soon the lost boy found his way back home. 不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路。,二、副词,2）地点副词：一般放在句尾，但here、there还可放在句首。There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions. 在那里，你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动。The frightened wolf ran aw
21、ay. 受到惊吓的狼逃开了。He walked out quietly and turned back soon. 他悄悄地走了出去，很快又返回。,二、副词,3）程度副词：修饰动词时，放在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时，放在形容词或副词之前。但注意，enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活，总是放在被修饰的词的前面。I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again. 如果他不再次告诉我，我几乎把那事全忘了。It was so strange that I could hardly believe my e
22、ars. 它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵。She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus. 她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车。,二、副词,4）频度副词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间，但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾，usually可放在句首，once可放在句尾，twice、three times等一般放在句尾。Sometimes I get up early. 我有时起得早。The workers usually have lunch at the factory. 工人们通常在厂里吃午
23、饭。Take this medicine twice a day. 这种药一天吃两次。,二、副词,5）方式副词：一般放在行为动之后，suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people. 老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快。Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave. 突然，在黑黢黢的山洞里，他看见了一丝亮光。,二、副词,6）疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问，位置总是在句首。When and where were you born? 你何时何地出生？Why
24、 did little Edison sit on some eggs? 小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上？How do you do? 你好！,二、副词,7）连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，在从句中作状语。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question. 我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题。That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger. 那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因。He wondered how he could do it the next day. 他不知道第二天怎样做那事。,二、副词,
25、8）关系副词：用来引导定语从句，在从句中作状语。This is the place where Mr. Zhang once lived. 这就是张先生曾经住过的地方。Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well. 请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法。,二、副词,9）其它副词：too“也”，用在句尾；also放在动词前；either“也不”，放在句尾；nor“也不”，放在句首；so“如此、这样”，放在形容词、副词前；on / off“开/关”，放在动词之后；not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前；mayb
26、e / perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或动词之前。He went to the Palace Museum and I went there, too. 他去了故宫博物院，我也去了。Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket. 也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里。 Tom doesnt have a computer. Nor do I. 汤姆没有计算机，我也没有。,二、副词,2、作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语，放在be等连系动词之后，说明人物所处的位置。Im very sorry he isnt in at the moment. 很抱
27、歉，他此刻不在家。I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years. 我离开家乡有将近20年了。Jim is over there. 吉姆就在那边。,二、副词,3、作定语：时间副词（如now、then）以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语，放在名词的后面。People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants. 现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴。Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s. 在二十世纪20年代，那儿
28、的女人过着可怕的日子。,二、副词,4、作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell! 吉姆，把你的脏袜子拿开！它们在散发着臭气。Father kept him in and doing his lessons. 父亲把他关在家里做作业。注：“动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词，则该副词应该放在代词之后。He wrote down the word. 他写下了那个词。He wrote it down. 他把它写了下来。,二、副词,1. Mum, I think Im _ to ge
29、t back to school.Not really, my dear. Youd better stay at home for another day or two.A. so well B. so goodC. well enough D. good enough【分析】指“身体好”用形容词well(=healthy)而不用good；副词enough修饰形容词时，要位于形容词之后。,二、副词,2. If I had _, Id visit Europe, stopping at the small interesting places.A. a long enough holidayB
30、. an enough long holidayC. a holiday enough longD. a long holiday enough【分析】enough要放在形容词long之后。,二、副词,3. _, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless.A. Strangely enoughB. Enough strangelyC. Strange enoughD. Enough strange【分析】修饰整个句子，要用副词，排除C和D；副词enough应放在它所修饰的副词stra
31、ngely的后面，所以选A。,二、副词,注：表示地点的副词常放在句末；表示确定时间的副词放在句首或句末；表示方式的副词通常放在“动词（+宾语）”之后，也可放在其它位置；同时有表示时间、地点和方式的副词时，其顺序一般为：方式地点时间。,二、副词,_ I went to the railway station to see my friend off.A. After eating quickly my dinnerB. After my quickly eating dinnerC. After eating my dinner quicklyD. After eating my quickly
32、 dinner【分析】方式副词一般位于“动词（+宾语）”之后。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,（一）构成：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词/副词的原形，而比较级和最高级则有规则变化和不规则变化两种类型。1、规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er、-est来构成比较级和最高级；两个音节或两个以上音节的，在原级前加more / most构成比较级和最高级。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,2、不规则变化,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,（二）用法1、讲述某人/物自身的情况时，用
33、原级。1）基本句型是：主语(sb. / sth.) + 谓语动词 + (very / too / so / quite / rather ) + 形容词/副词原级 + He is very old now. 他现在很老了。They ran quite fast. 它们跑得相当快。The weather looks rather bad. 天气看上去相当糟。I am so happy! 我是如此的快乐！,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,2）表示两者之间没有差别时，使用句型：主语（第一个人物） + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 + He is as e
34、xcited as his younger sister. 他和他妹妹一样兴奋。Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady. 莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢。They picked as many apples as the farmers (did). 他们摘的苹果和农民一样多。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,3）表示第一个人比不上第二个人时，使用句型：主语（第一个人物） + 谓语动词（否定式） + as / so + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 + He is not so / as excited as his younger
35、 sister. 他没他妹妹那么兴奋。Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. 莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢。They didnt pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). 他们摘的苹果不如农民多。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,2、讲述两者有差异，第一个人物超过第二个人物时，用比较级。1）基本句型：主语(A) + 谓语动词 + (much / a little / even / still) + 形容词/副词比较级 + than + 第二个人物(B) + A m
36、odern train is much faster than a car. 现代的火车比轿车快多了。This book didnt cost me more than that one. 这本书花费我的钱不比那本多。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,2）讲述两者有差异，第一个人物不及第二个人物时，用比较级。句型是：主语(A) + 谓语动词 + less + （多音节形/副）比较级 + than + 第二个人物(B) + I think English is less difficult than maths. 我认为英语不比数学难。Do you think it less impor
37、tant to learn a foreign language? 你认为学外语不那么重要吗？,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,3、讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时，用最高级。句型是：主语(sb. / sth.) + 谓语动词 + (the) + 形容词/副词最高级 + in / of The Changjiang River is the longest in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys). 三个男生中他跳得最高。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,（三）关于比较等级的重要注释1、
38、以上六个句型中，如果动词是及物或不及物动词，则后面用副词；如果动词是连系动词，则后面用形容词。This car is the fastest of the four. （形容词）这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的。This car runs (the) fastest of the four. （副词）这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,2、“比较级 + and + 比较级”表示“越来越”。The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越温暖了。3、“the + 比较级 , the + 比较级 ”表示“越就越”。The mo
39、re trees we plant, the better it will be. 我们栽的树越多，情况就会越好。The harder you try, the greater your progress is. 你越是努力，进步就越大。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much / a little / even / still，而表示数量的more之前还可以加some / any / no / one / two / many / several / a lot等词。It is much colder today than yesterday
40、. 今天比昨天冷多了。Would you like some more coffee? 你还要些咖啡吗？He did not eat any more. 他没有再吃。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,5、more than / less than分别可以理解为“多于/少于”，相当于副词，more than = over；less than = under。I lived in New York for more than four months. 我在纽约生活了四个多月。6、“one of the + 最高级 + 名词（复数）”整个短语为单数含义，谓语要用单数形式。One of the
41、 oldest houses has been burnt in a fire. 最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了。,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,7、“Which/Who + 动词 + 形/副, A, B or C?”句型中，如果有两个选项，形/副用比较级，如果有三个选项，形/副用最高级。Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei? 林涛和韩梅谁的书最多？Which is the heaviest, a pig, a horse or an elephant? 猪、马、象哪个最重？,三、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级,8、上下文中含有both / either / neither / two / twins等表示两个事物的词时，用比较级，而且往往还要加the；含有all / none / no one / every等表示三个或三个以上事物时，用最高级。 Do you like the smaller one? Neither. 小一点的那个你喜欢吗？一个都不喜欢。 Which do you like best? All of them! 你最喜欢哪个？全部。,
