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1、非谓语动词,1.非谓语动词的分类,非谓语,不定式（to do）,分词,现在分词（-ing）,过去分词（-ed）,动名词（-ing）,2.非谓语动词的使用条件,重要性：非谓语动词是历年高考的必考点。使用条件：如果句中已有谓语动词，若再出现动词，又没有并列连词，就要考虑使用非谓语动词了，即v.ing形式、过去分词形式还是动词不定式。,3 非谓语动词的形式,4.非谓语动词的句法功能,不定式和动名词,不定式做主语不定式做表语不定式做宾语不定式做宾语补足语不定式做定语不定式做状语,1.不定式和动名词做主语（专题七 考点）,不定式和动名词都可作主语，但动名词多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常的行为
2、；不定式作主语多指具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。,2）常用不定式做主语的句型：It be+名词+to do sth.It takes/took sb. +some time +to do sth.It +be+difficult，easy，hard，important，impossible.+for sb. +to do sth.It+be+careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,silly,stupid,wise.+of sb.+to do sth.,翻译：,1.照顾好老人是我们的责任。2.我花了三个小时才完成这项工作。3.我们很难在一个
3、小时之内完成(写）这篇作文。（composition）4.把老师说的所有东西都记下来是不明智的。eg1.It is our duty to take care of the old.eg2.It took me three hours to finish this work.eg3.It is difficult for us to finish writing this composition.eg4.It is unwise to write down everything (that) the teacher says.,3)常用动名词作主语的句型：It is/was no good/u
4、se doing not any of little worthThere is/was no sense/point (in)doing.,2.不定式和动名词做表语（专题七 考点）,注意两点：1）若主语为动名词，表语也要用动名词； 主语为不定式，表语也要用不定式；eg，眼见为实。 Seeing is believing./To see is to believe.2)一般来说，不定式前面的to不能省略，但当主语部分含有动词do时，to需省略。(前有do后无to）eg5，我所想的就是现在去参观博物馆。What I want is to visit the museum.eg6，他所想做的事就是
5、去河里游泳。What he want to do is go swimming in the river.,3.不定式和动名词作宾语（专题七 考点）,(1)常跟不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse, manage，care，pretend；offer，promise，choose，plan；agree，ask/beg，help；口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。此外afford，happen，wait，threaten等也要用动词不定式作宾语,(2)动词tell，show，
6、understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑问词（how，what,whether,where,when,who)不定式”作宾语；但疑问词why后加不带to的不定式（即动词原形）。eg7，你能告诉我为什么这样做吗？Can you tell me why do it？eg8， 我不知道怎么提高我的成绩。I dont know how to improve my grades.,(3)在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。eg9,只要
7、你认真对待学习，你就会发现取得好成绩其实很容易。As long as you take learning seriously, you will find it easy to get good grades.,（4）常跟动名词作宾语的词：consider(考虑)，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon；admit，delay/put off，fancy(想象，设想)；avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice；deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate;forbid，imagine，risk;cant he
8、lp，mind，allow/permit，escape等。口诀如下：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想；避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏；禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡；,(5)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：mean/forget/regret/go on/stop/remember;(6)动词need，require，want作“需要”，deserve作“应受”解时，其后用动名词的主动形式（doing）或不定式的被动形式（to be done）表被动意义。need/require/want/deserve 需要/值得被. be worth doing=b
9、e worthy to be done,doing to be done,练习：,1.Tom _when they spoke ill of him.A.happened to be passed B.happened to be passing byC.happened passing by D.happened to passed2. We all hope_scientists.A.become B.to become C.becoming D.became3.I happened _the article wen he asked me about it.A.to have read
10、B.having read C.to be read D.reading,B,B,A,4.It is nice_your voice.A.to hear B. hear C.heard D.to be hearing5._is to struggle.A.Living B.Live C.To live D.To be live6.Her wish is_a doctor.A.becoming B.become C.to become Dbeing come,A,C,C,4. 不定式作宾语补足语（专题七 考点）,1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask sb. to do， want
11、 sb. to do，invite sb to do， get sb. to doforce，expect，allow，persuade，order，warn，remind，prefer，cause，permit，forbid，advise，teach等。注意：think，consider，believe，suppose，prove，appoint，judge等后常用“to be.”作宾补/主补。,2)下列动词可接省略to的动词不定式(即动词原形）作宾语补足语：一感(feel)，二听(hear，listen to)，三让(let，have，make)，五看(see，notice，observe
12、，watch，look at)，半帮助(help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。eg，她妈妈让她每天练钢琴。Her mother makes her play the piano everyday.=She is made to play the piano everyday.,(3)在动词allow/permit/advise/forbid/permit/consider后直接跟动名词作宾语；如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用动词不定式作宾语补足语；allow/permit/advise/forbid/permit/consider,sb. to dodoing,练习：,7. I dont a
13、llow _ in my drawing room. I dont allow my family _at all.A. smoking;to smoke B.to smoke; smoking C.to smoke;to smoke D.smoking;smoking8.Your clothes need_.A.washed B.to be washed C.to wash D.being washed9.This bike is not worthy _.A.to be repaired B. of repairing C.to repair D.repairing,A,B,A,10._p
14、rovides us with essential nutrients, while _provides us with oxygen.A.To eat; breathing B.Eating ; to breathe C.Eating ;breathing D.Eaten; breathed11. _is better to love than_.A.That, to be loved B.That, be love C.It, be loved D.It, to be loved,C,D,5.不定式和动名词做定语（专题七 考点）,用不定式做定语的几种情况:1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之
15、后，表示将来的动作。2)前有序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the next, the only、no、all、any等词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。eg.每天晚上他是最后一个离开教室的人。He is the last person to leave the classroom every night.,3）常用不定式作定语的抽象名词有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。即：make a promise to do sth. make an attempt to do sth. the
16、 ability to do sth.,注意：,1.不定式结构作定语时，与其所修饰的名词，意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系；eg，1）He has a large family to support. 2）I have a meeting to attend.3）We must find a person to do this job. 若该不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。4)The nure has five childern to look after.5)Lets find a room to put things in.,（support the family 动宾关系）,( at
17、tend the meeting 动宾关系）,(A person does this job.主谓关系）,(look after five childern),(put things in the room),动名词作定语可置于名词前，表示被修饰的名词的用途和功能。eg，a walking stick 拐杖 a swimming pool 游泳池 a fishing net 渔网,12.I have got the loaf; now I am looking for a bread knife_. A .cutting it by B. cutting it with C. to cut i
18、t with D. to cut it by13. But whatever the situation is, the best advice_(avoid) misunderstanding is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be treated.14.There are five pants_ .(choose)15.Please give me some paper_.(write),C,to avoid,to choose from,to write on,6不定式作状语（专题七考点）,1）不定
19、式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况较多，有时不定式前还可加in order或so as，构成“in order to do”或“so as to do”结构。in order to do可以放在句首也可以放在句中；so as to do 只能放在句中。这两个结构置于句中时，不能用逗号隔开。比较：They started early in order to get there in time. In order to get there in time, They started early .They started early so as to get there in time.So as
20、 to They started early get there in time.,正,正,正,误,注意：作目的状语的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.,正,误,2）.不定式作结果状语常在下列句式中：so.as to; such.as to; .enough to; only to (常表示出乎意料的结果）； too.toeg，I am not so stupid as to write it down.Jan
21、e hurried back only to find that her mother had left.Im too tired to stay up late.注意： 在only too.to 结构中，too.to并非是“太.而不能.”之意。此时，与too.to.搭配的形容词常见的有pleased，ready，willing，glad，happy等。,3）.不定式作原因状语形容词作表语，后面可接动词不定式作原因状语，用以说明该情绪产生的原因。eg，I am glad to hear from you.用于这类结构中的形容词有：happy，glad，sorry，anxious， proud，
22、disappointed，angry，surprised，ready等。,4.在 “主语+系动词+表语（形容词）+to do” 结构中，句子的主语与动词的不定式存在着逻辑上的被动关系， 且形容词表示主语的性质或特征，这时，需要用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。eg，This question is easy to answer. This book is difficult to understand.该结构中常见的adj有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe等
23、。,5.在It/That/this +be+a/an+adj.+n.+to do.结构中， to do 不定式主动形式表示被动含义。eg，This is a difficult question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。It is an easy sentence to translate.这个句子很容易翻译。,14.Doctors and dentists use X-rays_(look) inside the body.15._(catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up early.
24、16._(learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.17. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good_A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed18.It is a difficult problem_.(solve),to look,To catch,To learn,B
25、,to solve,不定式和动名词用法小结：,1. 作主语（常用it作形式主语）常以动名词做主语的句型&常以不定式作主语的句型2.作表语主表一致；前有do后无to,3.作宾语常跟不定式作宾语的动词常跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的词常用it作形式宾语的词常跟动名词作宾语的动词既可以跟不定式也可以跟动名词 但有区别的动词 need，require，want，deserve，worth，worthy的用法,4. 作宾补用不定式作宾语补足语的动词；（注意think， consider，等）接省略to的动词不定式(即动词原形）宾语补足语的动词；（一感二听三让五看半帮助）allow/permit/advis
26、e/forbid/permit/consider的用法,5.作定语不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。前有序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the next, the only、no、all、any等词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语常用不定式作定语的抽象名词6.作状语不定式作目的、原因、结果状语在 “主语+系动词+表语（形容词）+to do” 结构中，主动形式表示被动含义，在It/That/this +be+a/an+adj.+n.+to do.结构中，,分词,当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词之间为被动关系且表示动作
27、已完成时，用done。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词之间为被动关系且表示动作正在进行用being done；比较：The question discussed yeaterday is very important.The quesion being discussed is very important.,分词作定语,注意：一般不用现在分词的完成,注意: 1、现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。2、在修饰something，nothing，anything，someone等词时要置于它们的后面。,单词分词+被修饰的词被修饰的词+分词短语不定代词
28、+单个分词,改错：,1. My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!,_enjoying,分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。有时为了表示强调，也会在分词前加上相应的连词，如when、while、because、as、although等。若该动作和句子主语之间是主动关系，则用现在分词；eg，Looking back，I honestly dont know how she did it.若该动作和句子
29、的主语之间是被动关系，则用过去分词。eg，Offered an important role in a new movie，Andy has got a chance to become famous.,分词作状语,改错：,2.After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around and found that his parents were missing.3.One evening at sunset，we sat by the fire，have our barbecue.4.Considered my case，my teacher
30、 offered me several detailed approaches and advised me to set a shortterm goal to improve my math.,looking,having,Considering,5. Every year, The Mersey River Festival attracts thousands of vistors, _(make) the city a place of wonder.6. She works in a theatre ,_(follow) in her fathers footsteps.7.The
31、 professor entered the lab,_(follow) by several students.8.Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way_(use) the sun and the stars.9._(eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.,making,following,followed,using,Having eaten,注意：有些分词源于系表结构，做状语时不表动作而表动态。常见的有：be lost in陷入沉思； be
32、tired of厌倦于；be located in坐落在，位于；be buried in沉思，专注于； be dreesed in 穿着；be seated in，坐在；be born in出生在，be absorbed in专注于；,10._(absorb) in deep thought,he didnt heard the sound.因为沉浸在思考之中，他没有听到那个声音。11._(dress) in white,she looks more beautiful.穿着白色衣服的她今天看起来更漂亮了。,Absorbed,Dressed,分词作表语,e.g. He was very exc
33、ited. The book was rather boring.,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态现在分词作表语意为：令人.的；过去分词作表语意为：感到.的。,填空：12. Some experts belive it is a _(worry) trend.,worrying,分词一般只在两类动词后作补语感觉、感官动词：see，watch，observe，look at，listen to，notice及keep和find使役、致使动词：catch have make get start leave keep 此用法中 : 现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主动关系；
34、过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是被动关系。,分词作宾补,注意：1. make 后的宾语补足语只用过去分词，不能用现在分词She still couldnt make herself understood in English.He couldnt make himself believed.,13.改错The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming. _14.填空When we talk with others, we make ourselves_(understand) not only by our words but also by our body language.15.填空I saw a young mother_(struggle) with her baby son.,felt改为feel,understood,struggling,_,分词用法小结：,作定语作状语作表语作宾补,Homework：做非谓语动词语法专练！,Thats all!,
