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1、College English Grammar:Grammar and Writing,By Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 9,Phrases:Infinitive Phrases Grammar:Infinitive Phrases Writing:Correcting:Double Negatives Rewriting:Important ideas of a sentence,Infinitive Phrases,An infinitive is used as a noun,an adjective,or an adverb.Unlike a real verb which f
2、unctions as a predicate in a sentence,an infinitive is used as a subject,object,attributive,adverbial or complement.(not)to+Verb=infinitive To shop is her greatest love.(as a noun functioning as a subject)Soon there left no water to drink.(as an adjective modifying a noun“water”)The thieves car was
3、badly damaged and easy to recognize.(as an adverb modifying an adjective“easy”)To keep healthy,I do morning exercise.(as an adverb modifying a verb“do”),1.Infinitive forms:Infinitive formsSimple:to doProgressive:to be doingPassive:to be donePerfect:to have donePassive+progressive:to be being donePas
4、sive+perfect:to have been done Progressive forms=an action is taking place now.Passive forms=the subject of the sentence is being acted upon.Perfect infinitive forms=completion in both the past and the future.,1.My friend happened to be in the next room.She was singing there.My friend happened to be
5、 singing in the next room.2.His bicycle was found.He never expected so.He never expected the bicycle to be found.3.Sailors have seen monsters.The monsters lived in the sea.Sailors sometimes claim so.Sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.,2.Functions 2.1.As adjectives An infinitive
6、 phrase acts as an adjective that describes,limits,or modifies a noun or pronoun.An adjective infinitive phrase usually comes after the noun or pronoun it modified.Arthur was looking for a way.By the way he can earn money.Arthur was looking for a way to earn money.The priest has never gotten enough
7、money.With the money he can make people repaired the church clock.The priest has never gotten enough money to have the church clock repaired.,2.2.As adverbs An infinitive phrase acts as an adverb that modifies a verb,adjective or another adverb.It was half an hour later.He went outside.He was astoni
8、shed.He found the little black lamb was almost white.When he went outside half an hour later,he was astonished to find the little black lamb was almost white.I dropped my suit.I dashed downstairs.I wanted to tell George.Dropping my suit,I dashed downstairs to tell George.,2.3.As nouns An infinitive
9、phrase can be used as a noun,serving as the subject,the subject complement,the object or the object complement of a sentence.I eat properly.I exercise frequently.This habit keeps my healthy.To eat properly and to exercise frequently keeps my healthy.They protect private property.That is their job.Th
10、eir job is to protect private property.,3.Position As an adjective,an infinitive is usually placed after the word it modifies.The first man did not have the opportunity to write their ideas on paper.as an adjective modifying a noun“opportunity”His teacher was unable to find out why he was so trouble
11、d.as an adverb modifying an adjective“unable”,As an adverb to modify a verb,its position in a sentence is flexible.It may appear at the beginning,at the end or in the middle of a sentence.To tell you the truth,I have no idea what this really means.I have no idea,to tell you the truth,what this reall
12、y means.I have no idea what this really means,to tell you the truth.,4.Punctuation,4.1.At the beginning When an infinitive phrase introduces a sentence,we set it off from the rest of the sentence with a comma.The pattern looks like this:infinitive phrase,+main clause.You want to arrive there on time
13、.You must leave now.To arrive there on time,you must leave now.Chinese department wanted to attract new majors.It made curriculum changes.These curriculum changes are imaginative.To attract new majors,Chinese department made imaginative curriculum changes.,4.2.In the middle When an infinitive phrase
14、 occurs in the middle of the sentence,we use two commas around it to set it off from the rest of the sentence,to creating the effect of an important afterthought or add special emphasis to the following words by forcing the reader to pause before them.start of main clause+,infinitive phrase,+end of
15、main clause.We wanted to save our lives.We would give everything we possess.We would be willing to do so.We,to save our lives,would willingly give everything we possess.The man wanted to prove that the diamonds were real.He went to great lengths.The man,to prove that the diamonds were real,went to g
16、reat lengths.,4.3.At the end When an infinitive phrase concludes a main clause,you need no punctuation to connect the two sentence parts.main clause+infinitive phrase.He invited a number of critics.They were important.He wanted them to see his collection of paintings.The collection was his private.T
17、he paintings were modern.He invited a number of important critics to see his private collection of modern paintings.For most of them,fifty pence is a small price.They pay the price for a bar of chocolate.The bar of chocolate is big.The bar of chocolate is nice.For most of them,fifty pence is a small
18、 price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.,Double Negatives,A double negative occurs when two terms of negation are used in the same clause.It is usually produced by combining the negative form of verb(cannot,didnt,havent)with a negative pronoun,a negative adverb or a negative conjunction.The fo
19、llowing list contains words that are regarded as negative.If you use them in your sentences once,your statements will be negative.Negative pronoun:no,not,none,nothing,nobody,no one,no where;Negative adverb:never,hardly,scarcely,barely;Negative conjunction:neither,nor.,On some occasions,mostly when s
20、peaking,the use of double negatives is accepted.For instance:I cannot disagree with you on these points.(=I agree with you on these points.)I wont ask you not to do that.(=I will ask you to do that.)Im not sure that he didnt say that.(I am sure that he said that.)However,double negatives are general
21、ly not used in formal speech or written varieties of standard English.,Exercises:Correct the following double negatives.,The desert had scarcely no rain last summer.I think the new political reform will not last barely a month.She can not find nowhere to park her car.Do not coin terms that are unint
22、elligible to nobody.Nobody knows why he didnt shout for so long.A proverb comes not from nothing.Neither of them did not remember their instructions.He doesnt have neither talent nor the desire to learn.The old lady was so weak she could not hardly climb stairs.After being replaced,the pipes did not
23、 run no water as expected.,Correcting:,1.scarcely no 2.not last barely 3.not find nowhere 4.unintelligible intelligible 5.didnt shout shouted 6.not from nothing7.did not remember remembered 8.doesnt have has9.could not hardly 10.did not run no water,The exercise in this section is to create effectiv
24、e passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer,more complex ones.If there are some mistakes,correct them.,Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 96,New Concept English II by L.G.Alexander)In Japan,people hold a festival for the Dead.They have it one time each year.It is a
25、cheerful occasion.On this day,people say the dead will return back to his home.The living welcomes them.They take a long journey,people expect they are hungry.They lie out food for them.People make special lanterns.People hang these lanterns outside each house,they do this help the dead find their w
26、ay.People dance and sing a whole night.,On the early morning,people throw the food into the river and into the sea,these food is they laid out for the dead.People think these food is unluck for any living one eat.In those near the sea towns,after the festive is over,people place the tiny lanterns in
27、to the water,these lanterns are they hanged in the streets the before night.Thousands lanterns slow drift out to sea,they guide the dead on their return journey to the other world.This is a moving spectacle.Crowds of people stand on the shore,they watch the lanterns drift away,at last they can be seen no more.,
